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Should Cohabitation Be Encouraged - 908 Words

SHOULD COHABITATION BE ENCOURAGED? Cohabitation has become very popular and common among teenagers these days. As stated in the Oxford Dictionary, cohabitation is the act of living in the same house together and having a sexual relationship without any commitments and marriage. In the last several decades, families have changed. Instead of getting married, many people are cohabitating or in simple words prefer living together. Some of these cohabitating couples finally get married. Most of them don’t last as they break up. Eventually very few couples stay together as cohabitants for long. Most couples cohabitates rather than getting married for many reasons. According to Linda J. Waite and Maggie Gallagher (2000), cohabitation’s biggest†¦show more content†¦Moreover cohabiting couples tend to be more oriented towards their own autonomy. They don’t really care and take their partners problems seriously. They just give importance to themselves and think about themselves first before doing a nything. They do not feel that it is important to share and ask an opinion of their partner because they are just cohabitating couples and not married couples. Besides that, whenever cohabiting couples are having any problems or misunderstandings, they are more willing to terminate their relationship easily. In this case, when they are having any misunderstandings, they prefer to end their relationship to avoid problems instead of sitting and discussing about the problem they are having. They feel that by discussing about the problem they will have more arguments and to avoid those arguments, the best solution is a break up. According Casey Copin (1998) and colleagues, in a research they conducted, it resulted to a conclusion that ‘living together before marriage relates to subsequent divorce risk’. Opponents also claim that cohabitation will definitely secure a couple’s marriage in future and it will prevent divorce among married couples. Nevertheless, continuing to cohabitate will continue to raise the divorce rate for couples who eventually do get married after cohabitation. According to Wade Horn (1999), in his article ‘cohabitation makes disengaged bedfellows’ (Washington Times, 23 March 1999), says that,Show MoreRelatedShould Cohabitation Before Marriage Be Encouraged761 Words   |  4 PagesShould Cohabitation Before Marriage be Encouraged? In the 21 century, marriage is no longer considered as a life binding commitment to one person. A decrease in the number of marriages and an increase in cohabitation both have come in the wake of a large increase in divorce in the last thirty years (David G. Green, 2000). Cohabitation is more popular nowadays because the current generation would like to know whether they are compatible. They also can see the habit and character of their partnerRead MoreLiving Together For The Future884 Words   |  4 PagesCohabitation is generally defined as two unmarried individuals living together in a sexual relationship (Santrock, John W.). Although some people view cohabitation as an alternative to marriage, most emerging adults in a cohabitating relationship have plans on getting married in the future. Cohabitation is often used as a trial run for marriage and as a way to test a couple’s compatibility. There are several reasons why emerging adults might choose to cohabitate. Living together provides a coupleRead MoreThe Impacts Of Premarital Sex And Cohabitation On Marriage1543 Words   |  7 PagesPhat (Kevin) Phan English 1302 Professor Randall Watson December 8th, 2014 The Impacts of Premarital Sex and Cohabitation on Marriage Becoming popular from the 1950s until now, premarital sex and premarital cohabitation have been considered as the norms in the United States. While most people agree that premarital sex is one of the ways to find out whether the couple is perfect for each other, others incline its consequences. Because the United States is described as the Salad Bowl, in which numerousRead MoreEssay Cohabitation, Marriage, and Divorce1239 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Introduction Cohabitation is and has been a norm in almost all societies in the world. It has been perceived as the stepping stone to marriage by the modern generation. In Whitman, (2003), cohabitation has grown so widely that there is one cohabiting couple out of 7 marriages in 2010 as compared to 1 out of 90 marriages in 1960. According to her, the attitude towards the whole of marriage institution has changed drastically over time. In the same article, currently in the US, of 3 single womenRead MoreCohabitation And Marriage : Marriage1669 Words   |  7 Pages Cohabitation and Marriage Lauren Pfeifer Dr. Richard White Christian Marriage 16 April 2014 Cohabitation and Marriage Cohabitation is an increasingly popular relationship reality in the United States. Many individuals seek a cohabiting relationship as preparation for marriage; however, studies have shown that this has adverse effects on relationship satisfaction and stability within marriage. Many factors have been theorized to contribute to this effect. No matter the cause of the correlationRead MoreWhy I Should Interview With My Parents1668 Words   |  7 Pagessemester it was clear I should interview my parents Marla and Mike due to there overwhelming experiences with the topics discussed this semester. Marla is forty-six and used to deliver babies therefor making her a full time working women, and Mike is forty seven and also has a full time job. Both were college educated, and grew up in what was known as the typical American family home. Many things were discussed during the in depth interview such as how there upbringing encouraged my mother to stay homeRead MoreShould Couples Live Togethe r Before Marriage?2459 Words   |  10 PagesLai Chiow Hong ID NO:111052-05065-010 March 15, 2012 Should Couples Live Together Before Marriage? What is cohabitation? According to the Oxford Dictionary, cohabitation means a couple ‘live together and having a sexual relationship without being married’ (n.d). In1960 between 2000, the rate of cohabitation has increased to 88% (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008).Nowadays, more and more people choose to live together before marriage because it is a good way to test the stability of couples’ relationshipsRead MorePros and Cons of Cohabitation3197 Words   |  13 Pagesargue the accusation false. As a whole, the liberal population would probably concur. But despite their continuously supported â€Å"pros† of premarital cohabitation, it is partly—and largely—responsible for the destruction of marriage as a sacrament and as an institution in America. In the following pages, I will address the sexual ethical issue of cohabitation prior to marriage. While it is clear my standpoint is solidly against this practice, I will analyze multiple facets of positi on on the issue at handRead MorePros And Cons Of Cohabitation1763 Words   |  8 Pagesadult has now plunged into cohabitation. Does it really matter if you cohabitate before marriage? In finding the answer to this problem, I have come across two articles which help explain the pros and the cons of the question, â€Å"Should couples cohabitate or get married?† The first article is Sliding Versus Deciding: Inertia, the Premarital Cohabitation Effect. When a couple has â€Å"dedication commitment† (Stanley, Rhoades, and Markmann, 503) with each other, cohabitation works for partners. It isRead MoreThe Family And Education System1751 Words   |  8 Pagescan be said to have been shaped by the family. This essay will analyse familial aspects whilst contrasting how ideological perspectives -held by groups like feminists and conservatives- perceive them. The past and present patterns of marriage, cohabitation and divorce will be studied with comparisons to the golden age era. The extent of the continuity and/or changes of traditional gender roles with links to power relationships is another issue discussed. Women’s changing aspirations as well as the

Who or What Is Responsible for the Downfall of Macbeth Free Essays

â€Å"Who or what is responsible for the downfall of Macbeth† â€Å"For brave Macbeth–well he deserves that name– Disdaining fortune, with his brandish’d steel, Which smoked with bloody execution, Like valour’s minion carved out his passage Till he faced the slave; Which ne’er shook hands, nor bade farewell to him,Till he unseam’d him from the nave to the chaps,And fix’d his head upon our battlements. † – Act 1 scene II â€Å"The tragedy of Macbeth† is one of William Shakespeare’s most famous plays about a man who murders his king and continues to commit other acts of villainy to secure his position of power. The broad spectrum for the downfall of Macbeth would include the three witches, Lady Macbeth and who else but Macbeth himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Who or What Is Responsible for the Downfall of Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now For it is his own ambitious nature, insecurity and fear that drives him into creating his own ruination. Our first impression of the character Macbeth is through the words of others, the wounded sergeant who praises him for his valor. This is followed by Duncan’s words of praise as he refers to him as â€Å"O valiant cousin! worthy gentleman! †. However these heroic accolades do not seem to last long as our perception of his character is tainted after his meeting with the witches. Macbeth is shown to be entranced by the prophecies made by the witches and moves through a dreamlike state and seems to be â€Å"possessed† or in a trance (whether it being literal or simply an act of his own doubts this is debatable). Some may see Macbeth simply as a puppet being controlled by supernatural forces as he is twice described to be â€Å"rapt† and be quick to blame his downfall on a twisted turn of fate, or inedibility. Though the witches are held responsible for the initial inception of the idea, judging that Macbeth is one of sound mind and body, he should be strong willed enough to be able to resist temptations. In fact his inability to do so, is further echoed in our hearts by the comparison between his and Banquo’s reaction. After the second prophecy becomes true, Macbeth’s first thoughts turn to murder. He demonstrates his terror at having these thoughts and â€Å"horrible imaginings† enter his mind, with his heart â€Å"knocking at his ribs†. From this e can gather that Macbeth would have originally possessed the ambitious murderous nature that proceeds to take over, giving the readers a glimpse at his â€Å"darker side†. His earlier thoughts of betrayal can also be seen from his reaction to Duncan naming Malcom his successor. â€Å"Stars, hide your fires; / Let not light see my black and deep desires: / The eye wink at the hand! yet let that be, /† M acbeth is disappointed in Duncan’s choice and once again thinks about murder to gain kingship, a clear example of how his ambition begins to brew within him. Though Macbeth is ultimately responsible for his own tragedy, Shakespeare paints the roles of women in the play as evil, manipulative and ambitious, even going far enough to push past traditional female virtues to create characters that enrich the plot. Exploring the relationship between gender, masculinity and power, bringing in ideals of bravery, power, violence and force of will. A correlation between manhood and displays of violence and cruelty is also heavily implied by the characters. Throughout the play Lady Macbeth is seen as a frighteningly manipulative woman, as she constantly emasculates her husband. Knowing of his desperation to prove his manliness, she calls him a coward and insults his manliness, Macbeth falls a dumb victim to this manipulation. Many argue that since Shakespeare’s treatment of women is misogynistic, the women of this play must be held responsible as it is heavily implied that women are the cause for the bloody action of this play, however this is not the case. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are the heart of the play, as it is only through their ambitious nature which drives the bloody motion in the play forward. However later on in the play, Macbeth is shown to act more willfully, shown by his improvisations on the morning of Duncan’s murder, his decision to murder Banquo and Fleance, his decision to kill Macduff’s wife and child and even acts indifferently to the news of his wife’s death. He begins to gradually isolate himself from his wife, clearly indicating how he has cut all ties with Lady Macbeth as his lust for kingship takes over and consumes him, once again acting upon his own free will. Though a man of unspeakable evil, Macbeth differs from the traditional Shakespearean villain as he is unable to completely conquer his feelings of guilt and self doubt, enabling a much more complex emotional turmoil, displaying the dramatic collapse from what he was to what he became. Throughout the play, Shakespeare brings out the ambivalent personality of Macbeth (this being particularly obvious in the early stages after certain encounters with women) as blind ambition obliterates his earlier attributes as he comes out as a tyrant. His ambitious nature has clearly lead to ill effects upon himself, as he becomes tempted with these ideals and becomes a tyrant. Throughout the play, Macbeth’s dialogue and actions showcase his overwhelming guilt (appearing in physical forms of apparitions and hallucinations). Demonstrating that Macbeth is fully aware of his wrongdoings and understands that his actions are corrupt. Despite the guilt that is driving him insane, Macbeth makes no effort in stopping his wrongdoings. â€Å"All causes shall give way:/ I am in blood Stepp’d in so far that, /should I wade no more, /Returning were as tedious as go o’er†/. Bringing out his underlying characteristics within his personality, allowing to readers to understand that his subsequent acts of murder are motivated by his fear and insecurity over loosing his kingship and of the discovery of his crimes. Macbeth demonstrates that he has a conscious and knows his thoughts are immoral and evil, â€Å"My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, / Shakes so my single state of man that function / Is smother’d in surmise; and nothing is / But what is not†. In spite of all of these , Macbeth makes no attempt to repent or reverse his situation and is therefore responsible for his own tragedy. In conclusion, Macbeth himself is responsible for his own downfall for several reasons. Though the witches’ predictions are responsible for initiating his downward spiral, Macbeth was the one who first thought about killing Duncan. Lady Macbeth’s ruthless ambition and manipulative nature influenced his thoughts, however it was Macbeth that allowed his wife to gain so much control over him, allowing her influence and putting power into her hands (though eventually cutting all ties with her and acting out of his own evilness). His ruthless ambition drives him to violence, his insecurities about his masculinity allows him to be manipulated and his lack of courage stops him from trying to reverse or resist his own tragedy. That is why, Macbeth must be solely responsible for his downfall. â€Å"Out, out, brief candle! / Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player,/That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, / And then is heard no more. / It is a tale /Told by an idiot, / full of sound and fury,? Signifying nothing. /† – Act V, scene V How to cite Who or What Is Responsible for the Downfall of Macbeth, Essay examples

The Use of Pink and Purple to Market to Girls free essay sample

Why Pink? In a survey, the correlation of pink with femininity by both male and female respondents was over 76% (Koller 404). What about the color Purple? Purple is a color associated with feminism because of such works as The Color Purple (1982) and the Woman’s Suffrage movement. Because of these color associations with the female gender, toy manufactures have created and boxed their products in all shades of pink and purple. One can see this marketing trend at their local Toys R Us store. By contrasting several toys for various age groups, we will see that pink and purple predominate in the marketing of our young female children. When discussing the toys chosen for comparison, the following age groups are used: Early Elementary (5- to 7-year-olds), Tween (8- to 11-year-olds), and Early Teen (12- to 14-year-olds). For comparison purposes, I randomly picked four toys per age group from my local Toys R Us. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Pink and Purple to Market to Girls or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The toys chosen for the Early Elementary group are the Friends Olivia’s House by LEGO, the Totally Me! Make Your Own Greeting Cards by Toys R Us, the Strawberry Shortcake Berry Best Collection Doll Set by Hasbro, and the Dream Dazzlers Dress Up Trunk by Toys R Us. The Friends House, with its hues of pink and purple, targets females with its five cartoon girls having fun together on the box. The Make Your Own’s box has a picture of a real girl showing off her greeting cards amid a background of pink and purple. The Strawberry Shortcake box is the odd ball of the group with its bright yellow box, but the background behind the clear view of the five female dolls is still a bright pink. The Dream Dazzlers box has a picture of six young girls all dressed up in the box’s contents and is the typical pink and purple we have come to expect. The toys chosen for the Tween group are the Tapeffiti 30-Piece Caddy by Fashion Angels, the Blingles Bling Studio by Moose Toys, the Project Runway Fashion Design Sketch Portfolio by Fashion Angels, and the Happy Handle Stamp Set by Melissa Doug. With its use of various shades of pink and purple, the Tapeffiti is a prime choice for girls. The Bling Studio itself is a purple and pink toy contained within a purple, pink, and black box showing the sparkly beads Tweens love. The Sketch Portfolio targets girls with its picture of four young, fashionable females sketched on the cover of black trimmed with blue and a pink stencil. The Stamp Set, while not specifically targeting girls, does have designs that would cause it to lean towards femininity—a smiley face, a flower, a paw print, a heart, a butterfly, and lips. The toys chosen for the Early Teen group are the 24-inch Love Bike by Toys R Us, the Monster High: Ghoul Spirit for Nintendo DS by THQ, the RipStik Caster Board by Razor, and the Justin Bieber ‘Justin’s World’ Comforter Sham Set by Sandra Home Fashion. The Love Bike contains contrasting colors of black and white with pops of neon purple and pink that makes it gender-specific. The Monster High game has an image of three girls on the cover that contains a large pink coffin that screams girls, girls, girls buy me! The RipStik Caster Board comes in five different colors (red, pink, blue, sliver, and black) that make this gender-neutral. The Comforter Sham Set is various shades of pink and purple trimmed in white and a large life-like picture of Justin Bieber on it specifically meant for the thousands of girls that long to be his girlfriend. Most of our toys were gender-specific towards girls and used predominately pink and purple for the toy and/or the toy’s packaging. Two of our toys are gender-neutral—the RipStik Castor Board and the Happy Handle Stamp as they use those bold and darker colors typically associated with boy toys (Auster and Mansbach 377). Two of our toys predominately used colors other than pink or purple to market their products—the Strawberry Shortcake (yellow) and the Sketch Portfolio (black and light blue). One can see that a trip down any isle of girl toys at our local Toys R Us will bombard us in an easily recognized wall of pink and purple that is a shrine for girls and a repellant for boys (Seiter 236).

The Status of Native Culture and Identity In Contemporary Society Depicted In Thomas King’s Borders free essay sample

Thomas King’s Borders, is a first person narrative designed to represent the continuing loss of identity experienced by the native population in contemporary North America. Borders tells the story of a native family living on a reservation located close to the Albertan-Montanan boarder in Western Canada. The protagonist of Borders is the unnamed mother of the family, who by refusing to properly state her nationality, is not allowed to cross the border with her young son. When asked to state her nationality by the border authorities, the mother answers â€Å"Blackfoot. † This confuses the border guards, who are expecting the general answer of â€Å"American† or â€Å"Canadian. † The mother refuses to generalize her ethnicity as distinctly American or Canadian, which results in the family’s inability to cross the border line. King draws on the use of satire in Borders to comically address the lack of identity attributed to natives in contemporary society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Status of Native Culture and Identity In Contemporary Society Depicted In Thomas King’s Borders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This essay will critically examine King’s work to showcase the function of figurative cultural borders in modern day society, as well as the concerning issue of native identity in the text. The mother’s proud refusal to equate her racial background with citizenship, Laetita’s attitude toward her cultural identity as a Blackfoot in the text, and the treatment of the narrator and his mother by the border authorities: all illustrate the cultural and political position of King’s text. King showcases the loss of native’s unique cultural identity to the pressures of assimilation, while also providing a political commentary on the treatment of native peoples and native culture in contemporary North America. As the protagonist of the text, the mother’s racial pride and stubbornness comes to the forefront in terms of thematic elements harboured in King’s work. The mother’s conservative attitude creates a significant tension in the introduction of the text. The narrator’s older sister named Laetita is moving across the border to Utah’s capital, Salt Lake City. Laetita is enamoured with the prospects of moving away from her family, while her Mother is noticeably unimpressed with the idea of her daughter living so far away from home. â€Å"â€Å"This is really lousy coffee. † â€Å"You’re just angry because I want to see the world. † â€Å"It’s the water. From here down, they got lousy water†Ã¢â‚¬  (King, 355). This passage showcases the mother’s negative views of America by King’s use of the word â€Å"lousy. † â€Å"Lousy,† is used to describe the coffee the mother and Laetita purchased on the American side of the border. â€Å"From here down† refers to the mother’s opinion of American water being inferior to Canadian water. The mother’s negative attitude towards the American water is indicative of her connection to the simplistic nature of native culture. While Laetita is attracted to the luxuriousness lifestyle of a big city, the Mother clearly advocates a more basic, ruralized setting reflective of native culture. The mother is clearly content with having simple necessities in her life, such as fresh tasting water, opposed to the more glamorous lifestyle Laetita that attracts her daughter. Laetita eventually moves to Salt Lake City and sends her family mail asking them to come visit her. An attempted trip to visit Laetita is thwarted by the mother’s inability to declare her official citizen at the border. â€Å"â€Å"Citizenship? † â€Å"â€Å"Blackfoot,† my mother repeated. â€Å"Canadian? † â€Å"Blackfoot. † It would have been easier if my mother had just said â€Å"Canadian† and been done with it, but I could see she wasn’t going to do that† (King, 357). The confrontation between the Mother and the border guards indicates a duality assiocated with the text’s title â€Å"Borders. † For King, there are two distinct interpretations of the meaning of border in the story. One is the obvious physical border separating the territory between Canada and the U. S. ; while the other is a metaphorical border indicating a difference between an individual’s citizenship and racial identity. The mother will not conform to identifying herself as Canadian or American, because she is content and proud of her ethnical identity as Blackfoot. The mother dismisses the concept of the physical border between the two countries. This is reflective in the opening lines of the story, where the narrator refers to the border between the U. S. and Canada to be nothing more than a â€Å"line† (King, 355). The mother feels no inclination to justify her ethnicity to the government. She is proud of her identity as a Blackfoot, and she feels as if she should be able to cross the imaginary border line as a Blackfoot, not as Canadian or American. The mother represents traditional native culture, and the loss of native identity in contemporary society. Contrastingly, her daughter Laetita is representative of a significant decline in native culture throughout North America. Laetita’s attitude towards her Blackfoot heritage changes dramatically throughout the text. Laetita is not content with her life on the reserve; she decides to make a change in her surroundings and crosses the border into America. â€Å"It was kind of exciting†¦listening to Laetita read all about how Salt Lake City was one of the best places in the entire world. â€Å"That Salt Lake place sounds too good to be true,† my mother told her. â€Å"It has everything. † â€Å"We got everything right here. † â€Å"It’s boring here†Ã¢â‚¬  (King, 358). The conflict in this passage between Laetita and her mother is indicative of the declining influence of native culture on younger generations. Laetita represents this decline, her pursuit of a new life in America shows her willingness to conform, something her mother intensely denies. The decline of native self-identity in the text is also evident in the last moments between Laetita and her mother, before Laetita leaves for Salt Lake City. â€Å"â€Å"You can still see the mountain from here,† my mother told Laetita in Blackfoot. â€Å"Lots of mountains in Salt Lake,† Laetita told her in English† (King, 356). Laetita speaks English while her mother speaks Blackfoot. This contrast accurately portrays the decline of native identity in the text. Laetita is leaving her ancestral home, and therefore discards her native dialect in favour of English, the only major language of the United States. The themes of King’s Borders provide insight to the declining status of native self-identity, as well as the submersion of native culture in contemporary society. It is critical to recognize King’s position as a Cherokee native in relation to the themes of his narrative. The significance of Borders resides in King’s political commentary on the way in which Native Americans are identified and treated in today’s society. â€Å"â€Å"I know,† said the woman, â€Å"and I’d be proud of being Blackfoot if I were Blackfoot. But you have to be American or Canadian†Ã¢â‚¬  (King, 359). The Canadian border guard is portrayed by King as being more friendly and compassionate then the American guards. She shows compassion towards the mother for her stubbornness, and also clearly respects the mother for her racial pride. This showcases the contrast in how Native Americans are viewed in Canada as opposed to America. In comparison, the American guards ignorantly addressed the situation, failing to recognize the Mother’s cultural integrity. The mother is incorrectly addressed as â€Å"Blackfeet† (357). This portrays the American image of â€Å"natives† to be negative. Instead of recognizing the Mother as a proud member of the Blackfoot community, the guard generalizes and pluralizes her identity. Government bureaucracy still reigns supreme, as the Canadian guard cannot let the mother pass the boarder without properly stating her citizenship. â€Å"You have to be American or Canadian. † The mother is finally granted passage to America as a Blackfoot, but only after much controversy and hardship. While her delay at the border was unnecessary, her strong claim to her native identity allows her to travel on her own terms as a proud Blackfoot native. King’s narrative is important to Canadian literature because it showcases the declining status of native identity in North America. Native culture is an integral part of Canadian history, and as a educated reader of this narrative, it is crucial to recognize the negative aspects of native treatment in contemporary society. Works Cited

Police Brutality in New York City misc essays

Police Brutality in New York City misc essays Civil rights advocates in the city note, however, that there has been a cost to the new strategy, revealed by steady citizen complaints against more aggressive NYPD officers during the past several years and continuing impunity for many officers who commit human rights violations despite the recent reorganization of both the civilian review board and the police department's internal affairs bureau. In August 1997, after the alleged torture of Haitian immigrant Abner Louima by police officers made national headlines and outraged city residents, the anti-crime record of the mayor and police department was tarnished. In uncharacteristic fashion, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and Police Commissioner Howard Safir condemned the officers implicated in the incident as well as those who reportedly did nothing to stop it or report it. In the city's Civilian Complaint Review Board's (CCRB) semiannual report for the first half of 1997, African-Americans and Latinos filed 78 percent of complaints again st the police. The police force is 68 percent white. During the independent CCRB's first three-and-a-half years, only 1 percent of all cases disposed of led to the disciplining of a police officer, and out of 18,336 complaints, there have been just one dismissal of an officer stemming from a CCRB-substantiated case. If the studies by civil rights groups and the Mollen Commission are any indication, officers who commit abuses are not being dealt with adequately. In that incident, after protesters allegedly threw items at mounted police officers attempting to clear the park, police reacted by beating anyone nearby with their nightsticks, including uninvolved restaurant patrons and business owners. In the end, administrative charges were presented in seventeen cases, with officers disciplined in thirteen of them. Officers primarily from the 30th, 9th, 46th, 75th and 73rd precincts were caught selling drugs and beating suspects. Concluded Cawley, "They [re...

Residual Income as a measure of managerial performance. Include Essay

Residual Income as a measure of managerial performance. Include examples of usage today and advantages and disadvantages - Essay Example In business, residual income represents a specific financial amount derived from an equation which subtracts invested capital from total, pre-tax profitability (Accaglobal.com, 1999). Where the traditional return on investment (ROI) template, which calculates a percentage by dividing the average operating assets from net operating income, residual income is represented in actual dollars through its calculation. Professionals argue that residual income (RI) may not necessarily reflect the total performance of a managerial professional, hence there is the debate as to whether compensation directly linked to RI totals is a fair measure of reward for performance. This paper examines the contemporary usage of residual income as a performance measure. There are several viable calculations to determine residual income (RI), with the most common being operating income minus the required return on investment in dollars (Marshall, McManus & Viele, 2006). A second method is subtracting required income from actual income, representing a final financial (not percentage) total, indicating either a negative or positive residual income (Economist, 1996). For instance, if the actual income of the firm is $100,000 and required income (often calculated from ROI) is $50,000, the firm has experienced a residual income increase of $50,000, which may indicate that the company executive leadership has made positive strides in boosting profitability. When ROI is used in the equation to determine residual income, positive RI occurs when actual ROI is greater than the minimum required ROI. These calculations may sound very simplistic and relatively straightforward, however, calculating residual income is not always a fair measure of total executive performance, especially when a particular company has experienced years of negative residual income. For instance, assume that a firm maintained a negative residual income for

Pros and Cons of Situational Leadership Theory Essay

Pros and Cons of Situational Leadership Theory - Essay Example The strengths of situational leadership theory are its current use in many organizations, practicality, and prescriptive approach. Situational leadership theory is appealing to many leadership/management practitioners because it is seen as common sense for leaders to be flexible and adaptable to different situational variables, especially the conditions and characteristics of their subordinates and workplaces (Schedlitzki & Edwards, 2014, p.53). In addition, this theory is practical because it can be easily explained and understood, it is intuitive, and it can be applied across diverse settings (Northouse, 2013, p.105). Moreover, this theory is also prescriptive, where it is clear on what leaders and subordinates should do and should not do (Northouse, 2013, p.105). Its guidelines are valuable in guiding situational leadership. Besides strengths, situational leadership theory has its weaknesses, namely its over-simplified description of the relationship between leader behaviors and situational variables and lack of empirical research that can support assumptions and propositions. Scholars criticize the vagueness of the relationship between leader behaviors and situational variables, specifically the lack of explanation of variations for each leadership behavior category and how they can impact situational factors (Northouse, 2013, p.107; Schedlitzki & Edwards, 2014, p.54). Furthermore, this theory lacks empirical support for its assumptions and prescriptions. There is lack of empirical testing on the theoretical basis of the theory and how it can affect performance variables and outcomes (Northouse, 2013, p.107; Schedlitzki & Edwards, 2014, p.54). Situational leadership theory is a practical, simple, and prescriptive theory that appeals to practitioners and trainers alike. However, it lacks further explanation of the

Why poverty was re-discovered in Britain in the late 1950s and early Essay

Why poverty was re-discovered in Britain in the late 1950s and early 1960 - Essay Example Britain’s share of world trade fell from 13.9% to 10.8% during this time. Taxation increased from 32% of GDP to 43% of GDP. Economic planning had failed and this failure precluded major social planning despite the fact that some social reforms such as the launch of comprehensive education, reorganization of public transport, development in health and local government. Abel-Smith and Townsend are credited with the "rediscovery of poverty" in the 1960’s: noticed that certain categories such as, families with children on low incomes and retired couples often lived in difficult circumstances. The definition of poverty adopted by Abel-Smith and Peter Townsend in their 1965 study, was the concept of â€Å"The Poor and the Poorest†. They concluded that "poverty was entirely a relative concept," and defined households to be in, or at the margins of, poverty if their income was less than "140 percent of the then current National Assistance scale plus rent". In 1960, 17.9% of households lived below this relative poverty standard. An unknown, but significantly smaller, share of the population had incomes below the "physical efficiency" or "human needs" poverty lines. (Ian Gazeley, Poverty in Britain 1900-1965) There was a strong case for saying that socially deprived families are frequently found in confined geographical areas identifiable by certain physical and social characteristics. Examples of these characteristics: geographical location, "twilight zones" near a city’s business area; areas populated by immigrants; overcrowded and poor amenities, Victorian housing stock; areas with a high percentage of unskilled and semi-skilled workers; higher than average proportions of families on State benefits; higher than normal percentage of large families; large number of fatherless families; areas with little play space and recreational facilities; areas with poorer health; high percentage of child deprivation and delinquency.

The Space Race and Apollo 11

The Space Race and Apollo 11 The Most Successful Space Mission of all Times Apollo 11 JAMES CHAN Introduction to the Cold War and Space Race Prior to the 1960s, there has always been a dream to travel to the outer space. Research has been done continuously around the world to investigate methods for space travel. At that time, there was a dramatic competition between countries and each nation wanted to demonstrate their superiority in technology and military power. After the World War II drew a conclusion in the mid-20th century, a conflict began between the Soviet Unions and United States known as the Cold War. The Cold War was a competition between the two rivalries and had been on-going for many years. The two nations extended military funding’s to compete against each other on military forces and technological competition which initiated the Space Race. The Space Race was a crucial arena for the competition between the two epic rivalries (Collins, 1999). Space Race happened between 1957 and 1975 where the two rivalries focused on attaining to be the first in space exploration. This supremacy was seen to be necessary in terms of national security and it was a symbolic of ideological superiority (Cram101 Textbook Reviews, 2013). The race involved efforts on launching satellites and human missions orbiting around the Earth, as well as unmanned probes to the Moon, Venus and Mars. Out of all the mankind achievements in the space race and 20th century, it was said that the Apollo 11 mission where humans finally escaped from the earth’s gravity and landed on the moon was the most groundbreaking and dominating milestone in the history of space travel (Brooks, et al., 2012). Timeline of the Space Race Figure 1: Timeline for Space Race The first race into space started in 1957 after the Soviet Union successfully launched the ‘Sputnik’ satellite. It was the first manmade object to leave the Earth (Bille Lishock, 2004). As a response, the US launched its first satellite, Explorer I, four months after the Russians which initiated the competition between the two nations. Momentarily the space race started to heat up and in 1959, the Soviet space program took the lead again with the launch of Luna 2, the first probe that reached the lunar surface (Kuhn, 2007). In 1961, the Soviet spacecraft Vostok 1 successfully sent the first person into orbit around Earth and on the other side, the US managed to send its first mankind into space three weeks later with the Freedom 7 without achieving orbit (Schefter, 2000). It was nearly a year after, in 1962, the US was able to catch up with the Russians and send its first person to orbit around the Earth with the Friendship 7 spacecraft. At that time, the US President John F. Kennedy recognized the problem and suggested more work should be done for the US to reach a leadership position in this space race. Kennedy believes that the US could first achieve crewed lunar landing and soon started to fund NASA’s lunar landing program – Project Apollo (History.com, 2010). The ultimate goal of Project Apollo was to be the first country to safety send mankind on the moon and return them back to Earth by the end of 1960s (Brennan Vecchi, 2001). Project Apollo Shortly after Kennedy’s full support on the US lunar space programs, NASA has an increasing budget of 500% from 1961 to 1964 with 34,000 employees involved in the Apollo program (History.com, 2010). In conjunction with Project Apollo the US launched several programs such as the Gemini and Mercury program to develop the technology needed for the Apollo mission. From these programs, the Americans not only learnt how to change orbit of a spacecraft, but also performed the first rendezvous and docking of two spacecraft and accomplished the first spacewalk which are all necessity for the success of Project Apollo (Chaikin, 1999). After many years of flight testing and experiments conducted on the initial modules of the Apollo spacecraft, the launch of Apollo 8 in 1968 was the first manned space mission to orbit around the moon. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union’s Soyuz lunar landing mission proceeded alongside with Project Apollo to put the first man on the moon. The Soviet had planned for manned circumlunar flights around the moon in 1967 and manned lunar landings in 1968. However, the Soviet made four unsuccessful and one successful unmanned circumlunar mission between 1967 and 1970. In addition, four failed efforts to launch a lunar landing spacecraft between 1969 and 1972. The most significant setback was the launch pad explosion of the N-1 rocket on 3rd July, 1969 where the launch rocket hits the pad and destroyed the launching facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the Soviet was not able perform space launches anytime soon. In the same month, the US surpassed the Russians and won the race by landing on the moon with Apollo 11. Apollo 11 Mission In 16th July 1969, US astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins was set off on Apollo 11 for the first lunar landing attempt (Brennan Vecchi, 2001). The spacecraft consist of three parts namely Command Module, Service Module and Lunar Module. The Command Module is the cabin for the three astronauts, the Service Module supplies electricity, oxygen and water to the Command Module and the Lunar Module is used for lunar landing. The Apollo 11 spacecraft was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida and was the fifth manned space mission of Project Apollo. Apart from sending astronauts to the moon and return them safety back to Earth, the secondarily objective of Apollo 11 was to perform human experiments on the lunar surface and return moon samples back to Earth. By studying the moon rocks and gathered data, it would greatly advance our scientific understanding of the moon’s history and what it consists of. (Moskowitz, 2009). Figure 2: Apollo 11 Components After launch, the spacecraft entered lunar orbit about 76 hours into the mission. On 20th July 1969, the Lunar Module started to descend after undocking with the Command Module. The US ended the space race on the same day by successfully landing the lunar module on the moon. It was the first manned lunar landing and first time mankind had experienced lunar gravity. After 6.5 hours after landing, Neil Armstrong was the first to step out of the spacecraft. He became the first human to set foot on the moon and his famously quote â€Å"Thats one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind† was symbolic (Brennan Vecchi, 2001). 500 million people gathered around television and countless audience listened via radios around the world to witness this historical moment. There were never so many people tuned in for a single event at the same time before. After a short period of time, President Richard Nixon connected with the astronauts via a telephone call from the White House. It w as the most historic telephone call and longest distance call ever. After two and a half hours of lunar surface exploration, the crew collected 21.5 kg of lunar materials and started its mission back to Earth. Eventually, the Apollo 11 mission landed in Pacific Ocean on July 24. Figure 3: Apollo 11 on the moon (Image by NASA) The US clearly won the space race by landing the first human on the moon and leapedto a commanding position in space competition. Subsequently, the Soviet decided to cancel their space program in 1970 after the successful moon landings by the US. Challenges Faced Although the Apollo 11 mission seems to be successfully, there were many challenges during the mission. After landing on the moon, the astronauts weren’t able to open the hatch due to unexpected low atmosphere pressure outside. They had trouble depressurizing the cabin and it took longer than expected to open the hatch (Wilford, 2010). The most risky and fatal challenge faced by the Apollo 11 spacecraft was for it to return to earth safety. While the astronauts were moving back to the cabin to prepare for its way back to Earth, Aldrin unintentionally broke the circuit breaker which was important to start up the engine (Jones, 1995). Fortunately, a felt-tip pen in the cabin fit into the slot and successfully activated the switch to fire the engine. In addition, the spacecraft was designed to be powered by a single engine for it to depart from the lunar surface. Based on previous testing’s performed in space, the engine has a high failure rate and it was a gamble for the engine to work actually as planned. If the engine did not work properly, it was impossible for the astronauts to return and there was no way to rescue them. Lessons learnt During the space race, both the US and the Soviet Unions were rushing to be the first to land on the moon. Both nations performed countless human experiments and activities which involves high investments and high risk (Harland, 2010). The fail attempts sacrificed lives and a high portion of the governments spending’s has gone to make these programs possible. During the 1960s, some Americans did not believe that the Apollo mission was worth its cost. People protest against the use of funding’s and many others quietly opposed the space missions (Madrigal, 2012). Despite Apollo 11 worked out the best, the Apollo team soon realized how lucky they were for the mission to succeed. As a result, lessons were learnt and the risk and flexibility of such missions should be taken into consideration for future space missions. Moreover, the space programs were conducted within individual countries during the space race. In the future, it is expected that international joint efforts between countries should be made for space explorations (Malik, 2008). Reason of Success The reason why the US can achieve such accomplishment in such short period of time is because of the government’s determination. The government sees the Apollo mission to be a long term strategic decision as it will benefit the US on both the administrative leadership and international politics standings. The US government has a clear goal and gives fully financial support to the NASA space programs. In addition, NASA works closely with industrial contractors and universities to make the program possible. Argument to be the Most Successful Space Mission The Apollo 11 success demonstrated both economic and technological superiority of the US over rival nations. Project Apollo was a triumph for NASA engineers to design, build and operate innovative spacecraft engineering systems in an environmental where humans wasn’t able to explore before. The integration and organization of the program demonstrated the superiority in engineering and technology of the US. The mission not only the first manned lunar landing, but is also a technological challenge and groundbreaking inventive in spacecraft engineering. The Apollo program achieved enormous achievements as well as leaving legacy for NASA and the spacecraft engineering industry. The mission will not be repeated and the findings of the mission will benefit the world of astronomy, science and engineering forever. It acts as an important milestone and motivation for future space exploration projects. No matter how many lunar landings will be performed in the future, it would never be comparable to the first step on the moon. It will always be remembered in the history of space exploration and thus I believe the Apollo 11 is the most successful space mission of all times. Conclusion During the years of space race, numerous space programs has been accomplished and the technology developed throughout the course of the space race has opened up new applications to space that would change the quality of life on Earth (Bille Lishock, 2004). Despite Apollo 11 being a success and was the first lunar landing on human’s history, lessons were learnt and sacrifices were made to achieve its goals. The Apollo 11 achievement was a great leap for mankind and I believe that Apollo 11 is the most successful space mission ever. Word Count: 1983 Bibliography Bille, M. Lishock, E., 2004. The First Space Race: Launching the Worlds First Satellites. Texas: AM University Press. Brennan, L. Vecchi, A., 2001. The Business of Space: The Next Frontier of International Competition. s.l.:Palgrave Macmillan. Brooks, C. G., Grimwood, J. M. Swenson, L. S., 2012. Chariots for Apollo: The NASA History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft to 1969. s.l.:Courier Dover Publications. Chaikin, A., 1999. Greatest Space Events of the 20th Century: The 60s. s.l.:s.n. Collins, M. J., 1999. Space Race: The U.S.-U.S.S.R. Competition to Reach the Moon. s.l.:Pomegranate. Cram101 Textbook Reviews, 2013. e-Study Guide for Give Me Liberty!: An American History, Vol. 2, textbook by Eric Foner: World history, United States. s.l.:Cram101 Textbook Reviews. Harland, D. M., 2010. NASAs Moon Program: Paving the Way for Apollo 11. s.l.:Springer. History.com, 2010. The Space Race. [Online] Available at: http://www.history.com/topics/space-race [Accessed 13 May 2014]. Jones, E. M., 1995. Trying to Rest. Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal. Kuhn, B., 2007. The Race for Space: The United States and the Soviet Union Compete for the New Frontier. s.l.:Twenty-First Century Books. Madrigal, A. C., 2012. Moondoggle: The Forgotten Opposition to the Apollo Program. [Online] Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/09/moondoggle-the-forgotten-opposition-to-the-apollo-program/262254/ [Accessed 16 May 2014]. Malik, T., 2008. NASAs Most Memorable Missions. [Online] Available at: http://www.space.com/5853-nasa-memorable-missions.html [Accessed 2014 May 14]. Moskowitz, C., 2009. NASA’s 10 Greatest Science Missions. [Online] Available at: http://www.space.com/6378-nasas-10-greatest-science-missions.html [Accessed 2014 May 16]. Schefter, J., 2000. The Race: The Complete True Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon. s.l.:Anchor. Wilford, J. N., 2010. Men Walk On Moon. [Online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0720.html [Accessed 2014 May 16]. 1 | Page

The Evils of Racism in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay example -- Literary

The Evils of Racism in To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is inspired by the events that occurred during Harper Lee’s childhood. The setting in her novel is an allusion to her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama around the time of the Scottsboro Boys Trials. In this novel, Lee illustrates the evils of racism to communicate the theme that everyone should be treated equally, not by the color of the person’s skin. In the case with Tom Robinson, Lee demonstrates â€Å"that southern justice for blacks was different from southern justice for whites† (May 4). Tom is convicted of raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman. Throughout the trial, there is evidence to support Tom’s innocence, but because he is black, he is convicted anyway. This is a historical allusion to the trials that occurred in and around Scottsboro, Alabama, where nine black men were accused of raping two white women. Retrials occurred and, even with lack of proper evidence, all nine were convicted because of their skin color. Scout has to face â€Å"the realities of southern society within the same age span that Harper Lee faced Scottsboro† (May 4). Ama Lee, Harper Lee’s father, was a man of honor that was related to the famous soldier Robert E. Lee, and likely pushed the attitudes of family pride and the cruelty of southern prejudice on to Harper. Lee demonstrates the teachings that Atticus gave Scout and Jem as a reference to the teachings that Lee’s father told Harper as a child. As Lee was growing up, she learned of the trials that were occurring, and realized that it was unfair that the black men were convicted of a crime that had little, if any, evidence. To a child, a mother or father is ‘all-knowing’ and therefore ask their parent(s) about anything that they do no... ...February 2012 Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1960. Print. May, Jill. "In Defense of To Kill a Mockingbird."EXPLORING Novels. Detroit: Gale Power Search. Web. 14 February 2012 Smykowski, Adam. â€Å"Symbolism and Racism in To Kill a Mockingbird.† Readings on To Kill a Mockingbird. Ed.Terry O’Neill. San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 52-56. Literature Resource Center. Web. 8 February 2012 Tavernier-Courbin, Jacquelin. â€Å"Humor and Humanity in To Kill a Mockingbird.† On Harper Lee: Essays and Reflections. Ed.Alice Hall Petry. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee. Literature Research Center. Web.10 February 2012 Zaidman, Laura M. "Harper Lee: Overview." Twentieth-Century Young Adult Writers. Ed. Laura Standley Berger. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. Twentieth-Century Writers Series. Literature Resource Center. Web. 13 February 2012

Development of Architecture during the Industrial Revolution

Introduction The industrial revolution is one of the Great alterations in human history. It starts in the center of 18 century in Britain and go oning until now. Before the Revolution, there were no metropoliss merely small towns. To acquire from one small town to another people used galloping Equus caballus, which was the chief and fastest transit of that clip. For bulk of people the agribusiness was dominant. When industrial revolution Begins, agribusiness and hand-made been stopped. Thingss that describes the period of Industrial revolution are innovations of steam engine, coal anhttps://phdessay.com/positive-and-negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution/d Fe. Everything is changed when James Watt created a â€Å"steam engine† in 1769. Invention of steam engine provided Britain with an industrial power. Factories, cloths and railwaies could be anyplace.( Louis Auguste Blanqui, historical channel.com.au ) . Invention of Fe by Derby Family could non go on without steam engine. Smelting of Fe by wood coal was expensive procedure. Abraham Derby discovered, that alternatively of utilizing coal, can replace it with coke. The resulted merchandise is cast Fe.â€Å"Human of the Industrial Revolution† , World Wide Web, hystoryworld.net Besides Fe industry, there was a development of fabric production, because fabric is the basic demands. Food and cotton merchandises were light and easier to transport to different metropoliss. Location of Britain was good for H2O conveyances. We know, that Britain is non from sea from any parts. This was the thing that makes the transit of goods easier. . There was already bing of webs of canals. â€Å"Human of the Industrial Revolution† , World Wide Web, hystoryworld.net During this clip changes the production of goods. Now alternatively of utilizing hand-made merchandises, machines started replacing people. For illustration in cloths and industries, machine could replace 5-6 people. This is chief disadvantage of the Industrial Revolution, when authorities starts discontinuing unneeded workers. Inventions of Industrial revolution period influenced to the economic system growing. It is creative activity of different machine tools, utilizing of Iron in industry. Industrial revolution changed everything and including architecture every bit good. Industrial revolution truly affected on architecture. There was no demand of fancy architecture any longer. Peoples started design more industrial type, which is more utile instead than Gothic edifices. Beautiful Gothic edifices were designed to affect people. In that period some people was already on industrial side, started planing simple construction. At the same clip some people went back to the old architectural manner and brought them back. Therefore there were motions as Gothic resurgence and Art Nouveau. When people started planing with industrial head they had many pick of design their house. (The importance of Industrial Revolution in Archietcture ) . (hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fablablima.com) Producing of Fe influenced on architecture. One of great illustrations of architecture of industrial period is Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton ( 1850-1851 ) . Joseph Paxton studied and experienced Fe and glass, about of fall ining these constituents together to plan a big edifice. Body The motion of Gothic manner architecture was non accidently. Those motions were against industrial revolution. They wanted to convey back the traditional manner of architecture. The Crystal Palace in comparison to Gothic Revival and humanistic disciplines and trade motions in architecture is new manner of design of that clip. Gothic resurgence is architectural motion, which was based in England. It’s been a remake of traditional edifice manner of â€Å"Middle Ages† . Gothic manner edifices are really heavy and cosmetic. Structure made of rock and brick. â€Å"Art Nouveau† motion has same characteristics as Gothic motion, such as: symmetrical forms and signifiers, usage of arches and heavy structural system.( Jackie Craven, Art Noveau Architecture. architecture.about.com ) The Crystal Palace is on of the Great edifices of Industrial period, which represent new way in architecture. One of edifice that represent revolutionized architecture. When architecture moved from traditional manner to the new measure. This construction is illustration of how people started sing different types of stuffs, alternatively of building the edifices by masonry and rock and maximising the indoor infinites. It is a design of lightweight and low-priced edifices. This was the measure when architecture of industrial period marked the beginning of new sort of architecture. It plays a large function in a history of architecture. The Crystal Palace was a glass and dramatis personae Fe construction. The construction was built in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1850 the commission were traveling to take a design for the construction, which will exhibit the latest engineering and invention from around the universe: â€Å" Great Exhibition of the plants of industry of all Nations† . The commission demands was:Economy and maximising the exhibition infiniteSpaces for circulationSpaces for response, categorization and arrangement of goods.Position from the inside.In three hebdomads commission received more 250 plants from Australia, Belgium, Netherlands, Hanover, Hamburg, France. But the commission rejected all the plants. Largely all the work was brick and masonry structural designs. But there was Fe and glass design by Hector Horeau. The commission rejected it every bit good, because of the cost of the undertaking. ( The Crystal castle, p12 ) Already known designer and nurseryman Joseph Paxton presented his thought and construct to the commission. Before Joseph already had an experience with combination of dramatis personae Fe, glass and laminated wood in his â€Å" Chatsworthhouse† edifice, which was made of glass. The larges glass house of that period. He experienced the thought â€Å"Ridge –and- furrow† roof system in Charsworthhouse, subsequently he apllied this system in Crystal Palace’s design. Joseph’s design was based on faculty with the sizes 10inch x 49 inches, which is size of larges glass available that clip. The construction consisted of right-angled trigons, which were supported by Fe beams and pillars. The length of right-angled trigons was for 564 m. These basic constituents of the construction were light, strong and easy to construct. After Joseph submitted his drawings and computations, the commission approved the low cost design. The construct of ridge-and-roof house was lily flowers. Paxton’s repute as nurseryman was high, he wanted to lily bloom to be grown in England. He takes attention of flowers. Later it became a construct for the roof system in Crystal Palace. In building of the glass house, there was an issue with ridge-and furrow roof. Glass construction required more light, but because of structural members of roof ( trusses, purlins ) edifice does non acquire forenoon and eventide beams. To avoid this job he created the methods of glass roofing, which calls â€Å"ridge and furrow† . The rule and constructs of the roof was to acquire forenoon and eventide visible radiation without any limitation. Therefore the spectacless were placed in specific place. He tested this thought in his â€Å"Green house† . After it was applied to the Crystal Palace. ( The Crystal castle, p29 ) The roof of transept is semicircular from exterior. In building of this roof the support was made arched lumbers. Columns supported on each arched lumber. The transept roof besides following the construct of ridge-and-furrow roof. It was constructed in a level mode, but following the form of arched lumber. The scope of the arches had louvered framed opening which allow inactive airing for the edifice. Hollow columns of the construction support the roof. The roof itself looks level. It has ridges and furrows, because of rise and autumn of them is little, roof looks level. Truss span of the roof 24 pess from each other and this spanning were supported by light beams or balks. These balks call â€Å"Paxton’s gutter† , because he created the system of utilizing the balk as a trough. The advantages are when it rains, H2O running from the surface of the roof to â€Å"Paxton’s gutter† . From there H2O goes to the chief trough, which is connected to the hollow columns and passes down to drainage. ( The Crystal Palace, p.36 ) But later on roofing system gets a job, because of non handiness of good quality building stuffs. On of the disadvantages was leaking largely from all of the portion of the large edifice. This job could non be solved. In footings of maximising the infinite dramatis personae columns had advantages compare to masonry columns of traditional architecture, because it could transport the same burden as masonry columns. Cast Columns much slimmer than masonry columns and can supply more unfastened indoor infinite. When the bottleneck was complete the interior exhibition infinite was tremendous. Because there were no solid walls, merely the slender columns back uping the ego weight. On of the of import advantage of the structural frame plants, that cast Fe was low in monetary value comparison to traditional carven rock. The columns of the Crystal Palace consist of reservoir, where the all the drain H2O collects from the roof. This drain H2O is useable in state of affairs of fire or for agribusiness. ( The Crystal Palace, p18 ) . The great tallness of the edifice was divided into 3 narratives. Where are the dramatis personae Fe columns in each narratives have different tallness. In lower floor columns tallness is 19 pess and for first and 2nd floor is 17 pess. Between the columns the girders have same deepness and sizes. They look similar and give an feeling of fretwork. Therefore building does non look heavy.â€Å"This demoing how great strength may be combined with elegance and lightness†( The Crystal Palace, p35-36 ) . Joseph Paxton designed his â€Å"Victorian house† in such a manner, so the edifice retains wet and gets bright natural lighting every season of the twelvemonth. But the mechanical and natural merchandises, which were in the edifice, were destroyed because of wet. After this experiment with â€Å"Victorian House† , it was experience for him to make new design to avoid those issues for Crystal Palace. ( The Crystal Palace, p 32 ) . An of import advantage in building of Crystal Palace takes machinery. Paxton used different types of cut machines ( Punching machine, Iron boring machine, Adzing and be aftering machine ) . Al the machines powered by steam engine. Painting machine reservoir make fulling with the pigment, so it runs on surface of the frame. It constructed in a manner so unneeded portion could be cleaned. One of the machines he used for framed wall. The frames being cut in machinery with the precisely same dimensions, after this glass was put into the frame. The glass sashes been designed in manner so in summer can be removed. Since the work is done by machine, people did non worry that portion might non fit with each other. ( The Crystal Palace, p51 ) In pre-industrialized period constructing been by human trades without machines. Therefore it is harder and building takes long clip to be completed. The society of Art awarded Paxton’s sash-bar machines in 1841 with decoration. These types sash-b ar machines started utilizing in other portion of the state. In present clip sash-bar design was taken from Paxton’s machine. The large challenge of The Crystal Palace was to keep the normal temperature indoors. Because the map was exhibition, there would be 1000s of people. Heat bring forthing by people and the heat coming from exterior was the chief issue. Already in that clip Joseph Paxton smartly designed the external shading devices. Direct Sun visible radiation does non acquire, visible radiation is filtered and it becomes really soft. Another manner of solution of heat transportation was to do airing system. He designed airing system for wall and flooring. Puting prefabricated lovers on the wall provides hot air flight. For shocking system board were placed 1 cm apart from each other. It was smartly designed inactive design. Air could go indoors. ( Wikipedia ) . This is the 1 of the great illustration when people started believing of climatic response. Design the infinite, which will smartly work, instead than planing it for ornament. In footings of spacial planning, Paxton provided refreshments infinites for people during the exhibition. There are infinites with unfastened tribunals and trees. There was no necessity of doing solid enclosures, so the construction does non lose the elation. The trees of the north entryway were besides for refreshment intent. Spaces were enclosed by sash-glazed dividers about similar as exterior glass panels. Suites of the edifice was designed that can acquire more natural lighting and airing. Partitions that separate the suites give the edifice really light consequence. ( The Crystal castle, p.36 ) In 1936 on 30ThursdayNovember Crystal Palace was set on fire. In one hr the edifice was destroyed. North Transept was burned. Government non insured to cover the rebuilding. Because the cost was about 2 million lbs. That clip Welby Pugin laminitis of Gothic Architecture called this edifice â€Å"Glass Monster† . He told Paxtonâ€Å" You had better maintain to constructing green houses, and I will maintain mu churches and cathedrals† . Many other designers started criticizesCrystal Palace. Many books and articles was written after the destruction. Thomas Carlyle called it â€Å"Big glass soup buble† . But in these missive yearss Crystal Palace benn called â€Å"Proto Modern Architecture† and became a case in point for many edifices such as commercial edifices in Europe and America. Crystal Palace became a symbol of industrial revolution, strength and economic- industrial power of England that clip. (Manpret Singh, â€Å"The destruction Of Crystal Palace 19 26-1941† .www.digital.lib.umb.edu.com) Decision The chief thought of this essay was to demo the effectivity of industrialised methods of building of Crystal Palace in resistance to Gothic resurgence manner and Art Noveau, which represents traditional architecture. The chief points are:The chief difference is that Crystal Palace represents new manners of design, where edifices do non hold to be so heavy. The intent is economical usage of infinite. For illustration: slender columns allow holding large indoor infinite comparison to masonry columns.Using of different types of machines. Building can be completed in short period of clip.Low cost and handiness of dramatis personae Fe.Smart designed construction in response to climatic facets. As was already mentioned above, Paxton’s trough system, which collects the rain H2O in specific reservoir. Drain H2O is useable in instance of fire or for agribusiness.Less utilizing of unreal lighting, because of glass stuff.Passive airing design. Louvered wall system and flooring system, wh ere the block’s spacing is 1 cm. , which allows the infinite, breathe.The Crystal Palace was the great illustration of new manner of architecture. It was a measure frontward from the traditional architecture. The structural system of Crystal Palace we can still utilize in our clip. It was a case in point for future edifices. Already experient dramatis personae Fe and glass. After the destruction, people know how to avoid those jobs. Test it and do it work better, but the chief construct is based on Crystal Palace skeletal system. Therefore nowadays we have improved skeletal constructions. My sentiment is that this type of architecture is more utile, comparison to traditional. In footings of infinites, how could it be better and lighter by utilizing the different types of stuffs? But at the same clip it can transport the similar burden. It was the clip when people started believing of different design, forms and signifier. When people started believing of low cost constructions and sing of different stuffs except brick and rock. When people started believing of chances prosecuting with environing and climate facets of those sorts of constructions. Which is did non be for traditional type of architecture. Gothic and humanistic disciplines and trades edifices are more concentrating to demo the importance of it. Even the ornaments, which are non utile. There might be disadvantages of Industrial Revolution, but the chief advantage is measure for the hereafter with industrial head.

Journal#6 Example

Journal#6 Example Journal#6 – Assignment Example Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Question Adolescence is the transition from childhood to adulthood, and it lasts from age 11 or 12 until early twenties or late teens. Puberty marks the end of childhood and it is triggered by hormonal changes. These changes can affect behavior and moods. Puberty usually lasts for four years, and it begins earlier in girls than boys (Kail & Cavanaugh 243). During this stage, both boys and girls undergo growth spurt. They begin to develop primary characteristics, which include the reproductive organs, and secondary characteristics such as growth of pubic hair around their genitalia. The leading characteristics of sexual maturity include menstruation, for females, and production of sperms, for males (Kail & Cavanaugh 296). Menarche occurs between the age of 12 and 13 while spermarche occurs at age 13. The adolescents are often concerned with their body images that lead to obsessive dieting, especially in girls. Peer pressure is more inf luential than parents’ pieces of advice and guides, and this leads to drug abuse and indulgence in criminal activities. Depression is also highly prevalent among the adolescent especially girls. Question #2First, the social environment significantly affects the onset of puberty. I have since known that the onset of puberty is standardized in spite of a teenager’s social environment. According to Belsky, Draper and Steinberge, girls whose mothers use harsh punishment on them usually experience their first menstrual cycle at a younger age. Additionally, Menarche occurs in younger girls who experience depression or chronic stress (Kail & Cavanaugh 298). I also learnt that early maturation varies across ethnic or racial groups. For instance, sexual activity, of early-maturing Latinas, was directly linked with having older boys, in the peer groups, who influence them to engage in negative activities such as smoking, drinking and sex. Question #3 From the leadership perspect ive, I learnt that adolescents’ working memory almost has the same capacity as adults’ working memory (Kail & Cavanaugh 246). This means that they are capable of storing information required for a cognitive process. The processing speed is also sufficient to process information more efficiently. Additionally, early maturing boys are likely to become leaders because of self-confidence and high self-esteem, unlike early maturing girls, who are unlikely to become leaders because of the indifferences they have in social situations. Kail, Robert V, and Cavanaugh, John C. Human Development: A Life-Span View. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.

Strategy Analysis Essay examples

Strategy Analysis Essay examples Strategy Analysis Essay examples Strategy analysis of Dell 1. Introduction. Since the PC industry has developed rapidly over the past decade, corporations in this industry face strong worldwide competitions and challenges. Dell, as one of the most successful enterprise in PC industry, offers a wide rage of products, the principal products includes desktop PCs, notebook computers, workstations,and servers. (Datamonitor Plc., 2011). From 1998 to 2006, Dell had strong financial performance and became the biggest seller of personal computers globally(Schwießelmann, 2010), However, recently, Dell start to lose its competitive edge in PC marketplace. (The Economists, 2006). The purpose of this report is to analyse what challenge the company faces, what internal and external factors that influences Dell's business, what is the current strategy of Dell, the advantages and disadvantages of its business strategy. Further recommendations will be made to develop a suitable strategy to help Dell beats its competitors and survive in the low- margin, highly competition industry. In this report, several tools and theories like SWOT, Value Chain and Corporate Social Responsibility will be used to analyse the strategy of this company. 2. Background. Michael Dell established his PC company with 1000 US dollars in 1984 when he was a student at the University of Texas.( Sabri and Shaikh, 2009). Michael founded this company with a simple vision that computers could be assemble to order and sold directly to customers(The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2002). In 1987, Dell's first international office was founded and Sale to government agencies started to make serious profit in 1988 and soon it become Dell's major business (ibid.). In 1996, Dell founded its own website and started to sell computers directly trough internet.( Sabri and Shaikh, 2009) which totally changed the PC selling market. Dell now have become the world second largest PC makers and its success mainly because of its unique supply chain(ibid.). The core competence of Dell is the build-to-order process, it makes Dell assemble computers in a very short time and deliver and order directly to its customers(Giachetti, 2010). This order fulfillment process gives Dell competitive advantages of costs in the low-margin IT industry and it cannot be easily replicated by its competitors(ibid.).The mission statement of Dell is 'to be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve ' (Walker, 2003, pp. 264). In order to achieve the mission, Dell need to meet customers demands with high quality, low price, leading innovation, individual and corporate responsibility, best services, flexible customization ability and stability in finance situation (Walker, 2003). The key stakeholders of Dell is its customers, employees, shareholders,suppliers, communities and the environment (Dell,2011).The major competitors in enterprise PC and server markets are HP, Apple, Acer, IBM and Toshiba (Dataminitor Plc., 2011). Main competitors in retail marketplace are Asus , Acer, HP, Sony, Lenovo and Apple(ibid.). What is more, since Dell has entered into smartphone market in 2010, Apple, HTC and RIM are the main competitors in mobile business(ibid.). Strong competition exists in all of its segments. Analysis of Strategy. 3.1 Current strategy of Dell Before 2007, Dell did not sell PCs through retail outlets(The Economics,2006) Products of Dell was only sold directly through web site or phone-centers, and then assemble to order, this model was regarded as one of the most efficient business model(The Economist,2006) Distributors and retailers are excluded in its supply chain(ibid.). The just-in-time inventories and online sales cut the costs thus Dell could provide lower prices. However, since 2007, Dell started to sell PC products through retail stores or their own kiosks (Hoffman, 2007).However, Dell does not have many inventory in these stores. Customer only tests

Church of Scientology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Church of Scientology - Essay Example The Church of Scientology International was established by L. Ron Hubbard in 1954. Groups connected with Scientology consist of Applied Scholastics, Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE), Citizens Commission on Human Rights, Concerned Businessmen of America, Hubbard Dianetics Centers, Narconon or Criminon, Religious Technology Center, Sterling Management Systems and The Way to Happiness Foundation. Issuing ventures include New Era Publications, Bridge Publications, Inc. and Freedom magazine. The Church of Scientology developed from the inspired mastermind of Lafayette Ronald Hubbard. He was born in 1911 and he spent a lot of his childhood on his grandfather's Montana farm while his parents served overseas in the U.S. Navy. Throughout the 1920's, Hubbard began to visit his parents in Asia, where he gained knowledge about Taoism, Buddhism and other eastern beliefs. Hubbard afterward developed a profession as a science fiction writer and declared to have traveled all around the world. He supposedly received near deadly injuries in World War II and developed his distinctive hypothesis of science and philosophy while curing. These findings were later exposed to the public in his book, Dianetics. In 1954, Hubbard constructed the Church of Scientology to support his thoughts and techniques as a religious group. His books and church reached globally, while Hubbard became an enigmatic recluse. He died in 1986, after spending the majority of his last years wandering around silently on his ship. (Jacob, 2003). The Sea Organization frequently known as Sea Org was established in 1967 by L. Ron Hubbard. Orgs, for example "Los Angeles Org", are semi-autonomous unions which staff themselves as they see fit. The Sea Org is a more devoted, more influential group inside Scientology which completely staffs the superior Orgs. The Advanced Organization of Los Angeles, for example, is teamed up by Sea Org members. Even as every Org implements rules and manages penalizing dealings in its own area of the bigger organization which is the CoS, Sea Org members grasp the uppermost jobs. The Sea Org is often characterized as the leaders of Scientology, equally in terms of control in the organization and devotion to the cause. Scientologists seeking to move forward within the organization are encouraged to unite the Sea Org, which occupies dedicating their full time to Scientology missions in exchange for meals, berthing and a so-called honorarium. Members sign a contract pledging their faithfulness to Scien tology for the next billion years, consigning their future life span to the Sea Org. The Sea Org's motto is the Revenimus. (William Sims Bainbridge, 1980). However, the Church of Scientology teaches that mankind is everlasting and celestial. Man is cool, calm and collected to three extents including soul or "thetan", mind "an accumulation of all experiences in multiple lives" and body "the temporary and physical dimension". God is an indistinct perception. Scientology describes the Supreme Being with phrases such as infinity and the all ness of all. Engrams are the unaware mental metaphors that we record in our imprudent mind that have negative causes on our present and future lives. They are studied from our past lives, prenatal incidents, early infancy and stop us from recognizing our godly nature plus experiencing a

Political Corruption in Bulgaria after 1989 Essay

Political Corruption in Bulgaria after 1989 - Essay Example Though showing some improvement in the recent years, Bulgaria holds the shame of being labeled as the corruption capital of Europe. It is the corruption at the political level that is most dangerous in the country. All political parties operate with an open funding system. Such a condition, with no obvious management, surely encourages corruption. However, some facts and figures will show the 'politics' behind Bulgaria's corruption. In an attempt to modernize the nation's economy, the communist government enforced different industrialization programs. Until democratizing reforms began in 1989, Bulgaria remained a communist country. The Bulgarian nationalism underwent a drastic change since its first multi party elections in 1990 (U.S.-Bulgarian Relations, 2008). But the transition from the communist rule to a free market economy was not easy. The introduction of Banking reforms, and program to privatize state-owned assets turned out to be challenging issues. Due to the fall of communism, the country lost all its Soviet market. The Bulgarian goods could not find a good market. It led to a substantial contraction of the financial system. The rising inflation and unemployment became major problems. To add oil to the fire, the Bulgarian government had to battle with the uncontrolled corruption at all levels of administration. In the last two decades, Bulgaria underwent complet... In the last two decades, Bulgaria underwent complete political transformation. It is imperative to say that the political transformation has contributed much to the restructuring of the nation's entire mechanisms. On the other hand, how effective those reorganizations, is a question of active debate. However, it could enjoy steady economic growth and macroeconomic stability, problems are too many. It struggles hard to come up as a democratic power. Unfortunately corruption has become a key word in any study of Bulgaria. The National Assembly, which is supposed to monitor all anti corruption mechanisms, proved to be ineffective. Corruption is among the five most important problems Bulgaria is facing today. Five most critical problems Bulgaria is facing Unemployment 58,40 % Low incomes 51,30 % Crime 45,40 % Corruption 38,50 % Poverty 31,60 % High prices 22,90 % Political instability 17,70 % Healthcare 11,50 % Pollution 3,60 % Education 2,70 % Ethnic problems 2,10 % The sum of percentages exceeds 100, as respondents have given up to three answers (Source: Five most critical problems Bulgaria is facing, http://www.online.bg/coalition2000/eng/ci-feb99/2.htm) This social evil happened to spread widely in various fields of Bulgarian public life. Corruption has developed as a key principle in many fields like administration and judiciary. Political party finance, public administration and judiciary are the most affected areas. The Bulgarian community has begun to understand the magnitude of corruption of ministers and senior officials. Due to corrupt bureaucracy, any official procedure has become a 'hard nut' for the common man. He has to pay a huge amount to the police, health

Bermuda Triangle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bermuda Triangle - Research Paper Example The number of accidents will be illustrated and its causes and scientific facts will be submitted to have a clear understanding of the mystery. Discussions of fallacies come first followed by scientific explanations. Background First, let us have an idea where Bermuda Triangle is located. Thru the map, Bermuda Triangle has an imaginary line located off the South-Eastern coast of the United States and in the Atlantic Ocean. The three corners of the triangle are: San Juan, Puerto Rico, Miami (Florida and Bermuda (North of ) Atlantic Islands.(Battcharya, Raj.)    The definite area is not defined, but some says it is around 500,000 to 1,500,000 square miles. Battcharya, Raj recalls, at the time of coining a name or this place, it was named after Miami, but people of Florida objected for fear that tourists might be afraid to come. The same objections were raised by Puerto Rico too. No one seems to question when it was given the name Bermuda, so from then on the name Bermuda is retained. (Rattchaya, Raj) Several scientists have advanced their theories about the mystery of Bermuda Triangle. But the list of lost planes and ships are long that the theory or mystery is quite intriguing. This is not a complete one, but after exhaustive research I have gathered there is about 1,000 numbers of lost vessels and planes in this triangle, but names are no longer listed. The loss started in 1875 up to 1975 and after that only one incident has been reported lately. (India TV). List of vessels and planes lost in the Bermuda triangle are shown below. (not-exhaustive) Flight 19: The Avenger planes of Flight-19 took off from the U.S Naval Base of Florida for a routine training session, but never returned. PBM Martin Mariner: When the hopes for Flight-19 was quickly fading, two Martin Mariner planes were sent by US Navy to search them out. One came back, but strangely the other didn't. Tudor Star Tiger: Star Tiger, a Tudor Mark-IV aircraft disappeared in Bermuda Triangle shortly befo re it was about to land at the Bermuda airport Flight DC-3: The flight DC-3 NC16002 disappeared when it was only 50 miles south of Florida and about to land in Miami.   Flight 441: The flight 441, a Super Constellation Naval Airliner disappeared in October 1954 : USS Cyclops: Disappearance of the carrier ship U.S.S. Cyclops in Bermuda Triangle has been one of the greatest mysteries of the sea. Apparently it seemed to be a sudden thunderstorm that had disintegrated the plane. Mary Celeste - The Ghost Ship: Known as one of the ghost ships of Bermuda Triangle, Mary Celeste had many misadventures even before her mystery voyage in 1872. Ellen Austin: The Ellen Austin, an American schooner, met with another ship in Bermuda Triangle. The other ship that was moving in full speed, strangely had nobody on board. USS Cyclops: Disappearance of the carrier ship U.S.S. Cyclops in Bermuda Triangle has been one of the greatest mysteries of the sea USS Scorpion: USS Scorpion (SSN-589) was a Nuclea r powered submarine of United States Navy that disappeared in Bermuda Triangle area in May 1968 source: Battcharya, Raj Note that most of these losses happened decades ago, the last one was in 1997and news about further losses is no longer found. However, a recent news about the loss of the plane boarded by designer Vittorio and five others that appeared on January 9, 2013 has deepened another round of

Article Analysis Essay Example for Free

Article Analysis Essay In The part of me that you bring out: Ideal similarity and the Michelangelo phenomenon, Rusbult, Kubacka, Kumashiro and Finkel (2009) explore the effects of close relationships and ideal similarity to growth and pursuit of ideal self. The authors also explore how ideal similarity of partner traits promotes the Michelangelo phenomenon and contributes to relationship well-being. The authors explain that ideal self relates to a person’s individual aspirations and goals. Although ideal self has previously been investigated as an intrapersonal activity, this research suggests that pursuit of ideal self is also greatly influenced by close personal relationships. Ideal similarity is defined as the occurrence and degree to which a partner possesses elements of a person’s ideal self. On the other hand, the Michelangelo phenomenon is explained to be the phenomenon where in a person shapes the personality of another person. Hypothesis of the Study Rusbult, Kubacka, Kumashiro and Finkel (2009) theorize that ideal similarity directly affects positive affirmation, influencing a person to move toward personal goals in their efforts to achieve relationship harmony. They also theorize that ideal similarity promotes relationship well-being through the Michelangelo phenomenon. Real World Application This study explains that the pursuit of ideal self is not a wholly intrapersonal pursuit. External factors, in this case close relationships, affect the process of growth. As such relationships where in ideal similarities exist between partners promotes personal growth and improved relationships, the opposite can also be claimed. The importance of forming relationships where ideal similarities exist is therefore highlighted in this study. Because this study establishes that close personal relationships plays a role in shaping a person’s pursuit of their ideal, it also emphasizes the need to form relationships with person’s whose personality traits align with one’s ideal. Study Methodology The research was formed by a four-part study that analyzed couple relationship through self-report and friend-report questionnaires, reactions to video taped conversations and a an 8-day daily dairy. Throughout the studies the independent variable was the study of partnerships between committed individuals. Study 1 focused on newly committed individuals while Study 2 focused on individuals who have been committed, either married or living together, for a long period of time. Study 2 also included the interview of friends of the couple. The dependent variable that was being measured was the amount of affirmation individuals in the committed relationships received from their partners. Study Findings Based on Study 1, it was affirmed that ideal similarity has an observable effect on affirmations and growth toward ideal self. Study 2 revealed that the greater amount of affirmations received between individuals with ideal similarity, the couples experience greater adjustment and better relationships. Study Limitations Early in the discussion of the paper, the authors remind the reader that this study was first in studying the effects of ideal similarity on the Michelangelo phenomenon. Although the study shows that close relationships influence individuals, there is little to show that it is ideal similarity and not actual similarity that causes the positive affirmations. Also, most of the research conducted was done through questionnaire form, which does not present an in-depth study of the effects of ideal similarities. Reference List Rusbult, C. E. , Kubacka, K. E. , Kumashiro, M. and Finkel, E. J. (2009). â€Å"The part of me that you bring out: Ideal similarity and the Michelangelo phenomenon†. Journal of Psychology and Personal Sociology 96(1), p. 61-82. American Psychological Association.

Cry Freedom :: essays research papers

Cry Freedom Cry freedom is a real life drama recorded as a movie. The movies main character is steve biko (played by the actor Denzel Washington), a man in his early thirties who has the ability to lead his people; the blacks againt the South African injustices. He’s most recognised point or view was „we don’t want to be forced into your society...I’m not going to be what you want me to be.'; Biko was able to show what apartheid has done when he meets a white journalist by the name of Donald Woods. He was a white who was strongly againts ‘supremacy’ as he beleived that it built a wall of hatred which infact apartheid was causing. Woods slowly gives awarness of the apartheid’s violent side through the submission of photographs of a ghetto being attack by South African police into the newspaper he is the editor of. At a sad note Biko is arrested on his way to a rally and is beaten to death in custody; the governmen announces he’s death as a ‘hunger strike’. Donald Woods is deeply outraged and shocked. He goes to see the body and takes photographs of the beaten body and plans to smuggle the photo’s out of the country which includes a plan of him diskized as a preast and the escape of his family. Before that he was placed on house arrest as Biko was through with his revolutionary era of speaches. My personal response to the apartheid issue is that im simply tottally against that because it cause discrimination and stronger racism. But I guess that strong racism within a certain community caused apartheid. The incidnts that were occuring in South Africa were absolutly discracfull to how a country was behaving in the eyes of the world. I believe that preventing South africa from participating from olympic and sporting events as well as trade relations was a very good initiative taken by world commitee’s. „Black deaths in custody'; ‘Black deaths in custody’ was a story presented by ABC’s four courners. The story is mainly about Aboriginal deaths in Western Australia during a period of 1980 to the 1990’s. As a reporter states at the beginning of the report a 17 year old aboriginal boy was killed by police officers as said but the case was seen as a sort of an accident. The local out rage by the aboriginal community was devastating; the pub was attacked with steel rods used for the local railway, then looted and futher more distroyed.

The Networks Surviving With Survivor Essay -- Television Shows TV Essa

The Networks Surviving With Survivor Reality shows sent a much-needed lifeline to the television networks industry. These shows have found a new way to bring much needed viewers, and even more important they brought in much needed money. The money came rolling into CBS after premiering Survivor, which brought in a profit of around $30,000,000 to the network. Even though Survivor is the must costly reality show, costing close to one million dollars to produce and hour of programming. In comparison to other shows, which cost far more like CBS’s series â€Å"CSI: Crime Scene Investigation† which cost over 1.6 million to produce per hour. With the amount of money coming in such large sums to networks have had to close monitor how much is being spent. Clearly’ the reality shows have brought in much needed assets to the flattering television networks. The failing television networks have found a number of elements in reality shows which can save them money. These elements have combined to improve rating, while also improving the amount of money brought into the networks. The networks have had pressure from stockholders to improve the return on their investments, or possible begin to lose their money. So the networks have discovered ways to save money with reality’ shows one being they haven’t had to pay actors. All the main characters of this shows are contests and only one will be ~paid† at the end. In addition to not paying actors, they have also been able to cut back greatly on the number of writers used to write scripts. The reality shows have been in a way been â€Å"pre-tested† in other nations. The U.S. networks know that the shows can be successful because of the success they have had in Europe. These facts have all come together ... ... stints on the television show. Fox capitalized on this viewer enthusiasm by showing the wedding. The Fox network is not the only group that has used the popular contestants after they’ve been on the show. E! Entertainment Television has had various ex-Survivor cast members host some of their shows. Some have also appeared in commercials. The Rosie O’Donnell Show even went to the extent of purchasing gifts for former members of the Survivor 2 cast (one former contestant, Colby, was given a Harley Davidson motorcycle!). The most outrageous occurrence seemed to take place when former Survivor 2 contestant Jerri, posed for Playboy Magazine. It is clear that in the world of reality television, personality and popularity are everything. Popularity on reality TV shows can translate into commercial viability and an unreal life beyond reality television.

Self and Mental Abilities

M3) Discuss the effects on self-esteem and self confidence of physical changes associated with ageing Having self-esteem and self-confidence is meaning that you have pride in yourself and having the freedom to believe in yourself and abilities. Not having self-esteem and self-confidence can have devastating effects on individuals well-being . If an older adult was to have a serious fall and harm themselves in a serious way which could affect their mobility in walking around, this could potentially make the individual isolated in their home as they could be too afraid to go outside as it may have knocked their confidence and self-esteem. The effects of the individual having no mobility and the lowering of self-esteem and confidence could make the individual a recluse and could also mean their mental abilities and health might become poorer as they are not being active in the community which would help them with being more social and interacting with others as well as keeping them mentally active. This could also mean that individual might become disengaged in society meaning that their ill health would get worse. Also if they were too loose their self-esteem they may not be able to get it back which would mean they still might be scared to go outside, this would mean that they may become completely isolated from society. Another physical change that could cause lower self and self confidence is if an older adult became incontinent and couldn’t control when they went to the toilet, this would cause embarrassment for the individual as they may never have experienced this problem and it may cause them to feel ashamed and bad about themselves getting older and having these physical changes happening to them which would lower their self esteem and confidence. Emotionally they also might not feel themselves and that they are losing control of their life and may feel they can’t do what they would like to do such as being a active part in the community, seeing friends and family as they may feel to self conscious to go outside as it may happen. It can also be distressing for the individual as personal hygiene is a very personal issue for someone as it may make them feel not in control as they have been which could result in them becoming isolated from everyone causing problems to get worse .