Affirmative Action For College Admissions - 990 Words

Affirmative action in college admissions continues to be heatedly debated. In 2003, the Supreme Court had ruled in Grutter v. Bollinger that diversity was a compelling interest for colleges to use race in admissions. In the amicus brief that the American Sociological Association et al. provided to the Supreme Court, sociological evidence was presented to elucidate the value of affirmative action. Yet in 2006, Proposal 2 was passed in Michigan to ban affirmative action in public education (Levitsky). Based on the information in the amicus brief, the correlation between race and socioeconomic status of the minorities, and the negative effects of banning affirmative action, admissions officers at the University of Michigan should consider†¦show more content†¦Thirdly, they point out that a diverse student body better prepares college students to interact and work with individuals of diverse backgrounds in the future. By creating an environment where students can be exposed to a racially diverse group of people, their interactions further reduce prejudice and misconceptions about race (Grutter v. Bollinger, 2003). The amicus brief reveals that race is an inseparable component of an applicant s’ experiences and should not be excluded from the admission officers’ consideration. For some students, race is a central part of their identity. The struggles they face with it determines the achievements that they can present to the admissions officers. Despite the current ban on the usage of race in college admissions in Michigan, admissions officers should not ignore any part of a student’s unique circumstances, which may be related to one’s socioeconomic status, race, or both. In the article, â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal: America’s Educational Apartheid,† Kozol argues that the ongoing racial segregation and the lack of funding in schools consisting primarily of blacks and Hispanics are putting the poor and minority children at an disadvantage by not providing them a chance to have good teachers, classrooms, and other resources. While universities use scores to assess the academic ability of a student, minorities who attend schools segregated based on race or socioeconomic status may excel at what they are given, have the

Business Process Brigit Oil Refineries Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Business Process for Brigit Oil Refineries Ltd. Answer: Chapter one Introduction The purpose of this report is to show business model a well-defined description of an entity in form of text; an organization can have a model that is defined as conceptual for a better performance .This model provides a brief description of how the organization achieves rationality, creation of value and delivering of standards. It represents the processes involved in the production of consumer goods, policies with the culture incorporated, target clients, strategies to be adopted, infrastructure, organizational structure and trading practices. These models are used to define and classify businesses. A business process is a combination of operations and the end product is delivering goods and services to its customers. The organizational that I have identified is cooking oil manufacturing company. Background information The name of the company is Brigit Company Ltd. The company manufactures a range 0f products from oil refinery such as Brigit cooking fat and refined cooking oil and sevices orders through a chain of supply to retailers. A retail network distributes the commodities in the market through a group of sales people who earns a commission on a specific amount of sales made The tasks performed in this manner enhance achievement of goals of the organization and the objectives lay down by the management team. There are inputs which are put in the process to facilitate production to obtain a single output. However, factors that affect the business indirectly or directly exist in the business environment and some of them include; management processes, operational processes, and supporting processes. There are systems of production for the efficient running of an organization; also the management processes play the role of governing them. Establishment of an accounting department is vital and hum an resources department too because they offer support to the main processes. chapter 2 Method of obtaining information Middleman method This method eliminates the existence of traditional methods of doing business by doing away with the middleman in the supply chain system. The company deals with the customers directly to sell their commodities. The retail network entails sales products by storekeepers to sales representatives who end up distributing the products to businesses for selling. The middleman takes the advantage of controlling the revenue of the company by acquiring a tenders inform of contracts to distribute the goods. When modeling one must consider at which time he/she is needed to go out to the environment to collect information about the history of the customer. The organizational that I have identified is cooking oil manufacturing company. It is during this time at which management finds difficulty in handling various matters of functions and operations of the business entity, he will use the transaction wrapper which allows grouping of things in a company for easier management. Brigit Company uses t he unrefined oil as the main input for manufacturing the refined products which are passed through a series of several steps. The model will be a modified website for the company to conduct internet marketing. It will reduce the costs associated with the services offered by the retail network. A large number of customers will be reached through the internet marketing mode of doing business and will result in a resource utilization hence efficient allocation of the scarce resources. The uses of this technology in our business will contribute automation and streamline of the better activities. Chapter 3 The business processes The Operating process is the first and it involves purchasing of materials for the company to be used as inputs in the production process. The acquired materials are handled by storekeepers and stock records are well documented for enhancing of proper planning. The purchase takes place to replace the replenished stock and maintains a flow of production throughout the manufacturing process. Brigit Company is supplied with inputs of crude oil which are the core input of production. This process delivers value to measure and control business activities, functional areas are also commonly associated with key management processes. Tibco company Ltd applied this step together with other primary processes are undertaken to meet the regulatory and legal goal (Murdock, 2001, p.178). Selling of product takes place after employee recruitment retail store process is completed. The implementation of information technology enhances an efficient conduct of business flow and maintaining the same tro ugh observing rules and requirements. The product improvement is necessary to create value for the customers and to remain competitive in the industry and market niche security. The second process in the process is transformation process which exists to satisfy customer requirements. The modification and designing are considered in this process by manual operations. George gave a statement that the personnel works in specific guidelines for quality production; this is achieved because of a well-established system of production (Alexander, 1995, p.187). The customer buys goods and services of a process since he/she is the one who require products and services that are as a result of one phase of the business process being finished. This entails understanding and identifying of customer requirements as well as tastes and preferences to fulfill their expectations to meet their demands. Internal clients are the owners in the next phases that must wait for delivery of the product before the work is completed. The business must be able to provide who the customers are at this stage, what they are and how to satisfy their current needs. The third process is the complete view of the process which entails automation of the activities which have been done manually for better delivery of services and performance. The company advertises and uses product promotion techniques which are carried out by the marketing personnel with the help of marketing department with resources such as the internet and computer services. Kelly said that the brand is introduced into the market for selling and it gains access to the digital platform used which can be either internet marketing or publications (Lillian, 2002, p.267). The understanding of the overall processes and the rules that govern the functionality of the operations is very important at this phase. The requirement analysts need to understand the entire picture of the organization to get knowledge of how the solution should be implemented. The establishment of business programs will solve the problem of functional programs. Chapter 4 AS-IS Model The model is representative of an oil company that sells oil product to the consumers. The process starts with the sales representatives receiving an order from a customer and it ends with servicing the orders for the company to gain revenue. Improvent Businesses always seek to have their profit at maximum level and at a reduced cost. Brigit Oil refineries cuts down on its expenses and indirect costs to maximise revenue. The company aims at producing more and servicing all the existing orders from customers without delay. Business process improvement Technology will assist in production process by incrasung efficiency and effectiveness. The upgrading of the production systems and mechanisd methods increases the speed of operations and functionality thus the company avoids time wastage and delays caused by traditional techniques of conducting business activites. Re- engineering of the business process in the company as an improvement tactic to deliver services to customers quickly. The relationships between suppliers and end user customers must be suitable in conducting the business activity of selling and buying. Manufacturers nust ensure that they maintain good relations with their customers to retain their loyalty by manufacturing high quality product. Modification of the existing processes because of the closure of an existing branch or department in a company. The manufacturing process has several departments ; sales and production departments are mostly affected by the end of processing thus there is need to institute corrective strategies to upgrade the systems and continue with production of oil products. Madden said that the company website will help with dealing with in an issue of customers needs by meeting their needs and expectations (Mary, 2004, p.123). The company interested in competing successfully in the current computerized world must have an information technology specialist who will ensure e that the company database is well maintained and software updated frequently. The IT expert will build a website that will provide a platform for online interaction between the sellers and the buyers thus the company will be in a position to meet the customer needs and preferences in order to modify its product accordingly. The next stage is designing the website to meet the current demands of the market and put into the consideration the prevailing challenges and circumstances in the market that may hinder the functionality of the project. The best suitable method for advertising is whereby it facilitates capturing the attention of the customer by reaching them via the popularly know n media platforms. The social media used by the largest number of consumers of these goods and services will provide a basis for doing a successful internet marketing. In our case, the manufacturing company of refined oil should be creative by including words such as healthy and no- cholesterol to capture the attention of consumers. The sales will increase through the use of this innovative idea and the company will gain more revenue thus an increase in profit will be notable. The third step in modeling is the application of the internal control systems. The use of computer-assisted audit techniques enhances the provision of clear maintenance of accounting department and functionality of the overall business. Bryton proposed that internal controls will be implemented into business processes to identify areas of weakness, detect errors and any misconduct the employees engage into as well as the irregularities in the job (Kruger, 2009, p.201). They will entail various checks done in p roduction levels at a specific time during the production hence the system will work effectively. Chapter 5 Recommendation Improvement of a process will be the use of a structured organization approach and methodology, To begin with, the elimination of operations and the business activities that do not add value to the customers. The first thing is to know whether the customer would pay for a particular activity and if no, then identify the benefits accrued from undertaking the activity in the company processes. The constraints in the Brigit Company are poor working conditions and low pay rate to workers. The employees of the company make complain of the low wages paid to them as the workers who produce the end products. The mode of remuneration is not favoring their basic needs and a need for improvement to cater for the basic needs of the employee's for the certainty of the going concern and securing the future. The slow processes are as a result of lowly motivated employees, to curb this issue the human resource manager need to implement a fair incentive scheme for all workers to get the affordable li festyle and to the best interest of the company. Chapter 6 Conclusion Continuity in monitoring and evaluation of the processes is important for identification of available opportunities. The documentation and publicizing of the improvements should be done as the last and final stage of the process. The implementation of information technology enhances an efficient conduct of business flow and maintaining the same trough observing rules and requirements. The product improvement is necessary to create value for the customers and to remain competitive in the industry and market niche security. Works cited Debei, R., Avison, D. (2008). "Defining the business model in the new world of digital business." In Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Informa. New York press. Alexander, O., (2010) Business Model Generation, and 470 practitioners from 45 countries, self-published, heroine publishers. Europa press. George, G., Bock, A. J. (2011). The business model in practice and its implications for entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Newline press. Bryton, K., Kelton. T. F. (2012). Models of opportunity: How entrepreneurs design firms to achieve the unexpected. Cambridge University Press. Baden-Fuller, C., Mary. S. M. (2010). "Business Models as Models". Long Range Planning.London press. Jrg, D. Barbara. P., Mathias W. K. (14 June 2014). Business process management. Potsdam German publishers Munich press. William, B. P., Davis, F. N. (1999). Lean Six Sigma Secrets for the secret of a successful business. Arrow publishers London press. Thomas, D. E. (1993). Process Innovation: Reengineering work through information technology. Boston publishers Harvard Business School Press. Michael, H. S., James, C. T. (1993). Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution, Harper Business publishers Ritter press. Rummler, J. Z., Brache, A. D. (1995). Improving Performance: How to manage the white space on the organizational chart. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco publishers Newyork press. Henry, J. J (1993). Business Process Reengineering: BreakPoint Strategies for Market Dominance. John Wiley Sons publishers European press.

Robert Graves Essays - British Poetry, Poetic Form, Mental Cases

Robert Graves Although the poems Recalling War by Robert Graves and Mental Cases by Wilfred Owen are both concerned with the damage that war does to the soldiers involved, they are different in almost every other respect. Owen's poem examines the physical and mental effects of war in a very personal and direct way - his voice is very much in evidence in this poem - he has clearly seen people like the 'mental cases' who are described. It is also evident that Owen's own experiences of the war are described: he challenges the reader with terrifying images, in order that the reader can begin to comprehend the causes of the madness. Graves on the other hand is far more detached. His argument is distant, using ancient images to explore the immediate and long-term effects of war on the soldier. The poem is a meditation on the title, Graves examining the developing experiences and memories of war with a progression of images and metaphors. Mental Cases is a forceful poem, containing three substantial stanzas which focus on different aspects of Owen's subject. The first stanza is a detailed description of what the 'mental cases' look like. Their outward appearance is gruesome, Baring teeth that leer like skulls', preparing the reader for the even more horrifying second stanza. The second verse concentrates on the men's past experiences, the deaths they have witnessed and the unimaginable nightmares they have lived through: Multitudinous murders they once witnessed. The last stanza concludes the poem, explaining how the men's lives are haunted by their experiences, they go mad because the past filters into every aspect of their present lives, the men retreat away from the memories and into madness. The form of Owen's poem is, therefore, built around three main points: the appearance of the men, their experiences, and the effect this has on their lives. In Graves' poem the form is also key to understanding the poem, but perhaps in a less obvious way. Recalling War has five stanzas, in a form that corresponds to the psychological emotions and physical experience war provokes. The first stanza describes how Graves expects the war to be remembered twenty years after the event: the wounds have healed and the blind and handicapped men forget the injuries the war caused, as their memories are blurred by the distance of time; The one-legged man forgets his leg of wood. In the second stanza Graves moves on to question the nature of war. This verse is a description of the atmosphere and setting of war. Even when the season was the airiest May/ Down pressed the sky, and we, oppressed, thrust out. The third stanza focuses on the battle itself, and the fourth explores the aftermath of battle and the unbearable nature of the war. The fifth and final stanza returns to the ideas expressed in the first stanza, of war being an unreal memory. The for m of this poem is crucial to its understanding. The progressions marked by the stanzas highlights the argument Graves is making. Mental Cases and Recalling War are both poems that rely on the atmosphere and tone they create, indeed this is a key source of their power. Owen creates a terrifying atmosphere throughout the poem, which is clearly a reflection of his subject matter. Not only does Owen describe in awful detail the shocking appearance of the men, he also includes horrific images of war. The tone is very powerful, with Owen asking questions in the first stanza, but who are these hellish?, a device which cleverly establishes direct contact with the reader and an engaging discourse. This connection with the reader is exploited in the second verse, in which the reader experiences the full force of Owen's imagery. The final stanza opens with a tone that is factual: -Thus their hands are plucking at each other, summarizing the fact that these men behave the way they do because of the events they have and are experiencing. Owen ends the poem by insisting on the complicity of both himself and the reader in th e fate of these men, an accusation which, after the powerful prelude, is hard to deny. Whereas Owen's poem is powerful as a

us history Essay

us history Essay us history Essay #1. American life in the 1790’s American Society only white male landowners can participate in politics no rights for women Native Americans can’t participate in politics because they’re not citizens most African-Americans are slaves on Southern plantations Economic Conditions state and national government are in debt from the war Political changes under the new Constitution Congress passes the Judiciary Act of 1789 to create a federal court system Bill of Rights added to the Constitution to guarantee civil liberties Washington uses a Cabinet of advisors to help him govern #2. Alexander Hamilton’s Economic plan state debt assumption: national government will bail out the states by covering their debt protective tariffs to help manufacturers against British competitors whiskey tax national bank (Bank of the U.S.) #3. The Two-party system forms due to disagreements between Jefferson and Hamilton Alexander Hamilton wants the U.S. to become a nation of business and manufacturing Thomas Jefferson wants the U.S. to continue to be a rural society of independent farmers #4. Federalists Democratic Republicans Alexander Hamilton Favor strong central government Loose interpretation of the Constitution to give government more powers Supported by Northern business pro-British in foreign policy Thomas Jefferson Favor states’ rights Strict interpretation of the Constitution to limit government Supported by southern and western farmers pro-French in foreign policy #5. 1794 Whiskey Rebellion- farmers rebel against the Whiskey tax George Washington leads troops to put down the rebellion, proving that the national government will effectively enforce the law and keep order #6. U.S. Foreign Policy during the Federalist Period GOAL: stay out of foreign wars, avoid alliances POLICY: Neutrality ex. Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) Washington’s Farewell Address to the Nation Major Issues†¦ #7 British forts on American soil threaten U.S. sovereignty Jay Treaty (1794) made with Britain to avoid war #8. †¦farmers in the west need access to the Mississippi River Pickney Treaty (1795) made with Spain gives western farmers the right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their goods at ports in New Orleans #9. †¦conflict with American Indian tribes Indian tribes are pushed out as American settlement expands westward; leaders like Tecumseh try to stop American settlers from taking their lands Treaty of Greenville (1796) opens Ohio to white settlement The Adams Presidency (1797-1801) #10. †¦problems with France XYZ Affair- damages U.S. relations with France and results in an undeclared naval war with France #11. Federalists try to silence Democratic-Republican opposition Alien and Sedition Acts passed to prevent immigrants from becoming citizens and silence protests by Democratic-Republicans against the government #12. States’ Rights v. Federal Power Thomas Jefferson and James Madison write the Virginia & Kentucky Resolves to protest the unconstitutionality of the Alien & Sedition Acts. Virginia & Kentucky Resolves declare that states have the right to nullify the Alien & Sedition Acts because they are unconstitutional nullification: the right of a state to cancel or overturn an unconstitutional act passed by Congress #13. The Election of 1800- Republicans win both houses of Congress and Thomas Jefferson is elected President first election in American history where the party in power (Federalists) is voted out of office #14. Marbury v. Madison (1803) Supreme Court establishes principle of judicial review†¦power to decide what us history essay us history essay Political Social and Economic Changes from 1941 to 1989 The United States went through many internal economic, political and social changes between 1941 and 1989. The changes that occurred during this time had just as significant effects on the United States as any other time in U.S. history. The changes that occurred did so during five time frames which included three actual wars which included World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. One war based on mistrust and ideology known as the Cold War never included any combat operations but, did have a great impact on the U.S. internally. The period of time between 1941 and 1945 had a significant impact on the economic and social ideals in the U.S. especially having just went through the Great Depression. The American economy was kick started by the involvement of the U.S. in World War II. The American industrial complex kicked into high gear to support the war effort but the government did not want to see inflation hurt the war effort so it created the Office of Price Administration to control inflation so people would buy war bonds to finance the war effort. The other way that took a bite out of inflation was the new payroll tax that also helped the government fund the war effort. The economic impact in the Sunbelt area of the U.S. was also being felt with those states wanting more factories and military bases built there so they might share in the growing war economy. The social impact of World War II was also being fueled by the need for labor. Just as in World War I the factories need workers to build the eq uipment needed by the military. Women once again left the home and entered the work force that was dominated by men prior to the war but also just as important was the fact that ethnic minorities were entering the workforce. At the end of the war you saw these minorities staying in the cities the civil rights movement was accelerated and the Supreme Court forced states to allow Native Americans to vote. From 1946 to 1952 was a curious time in America because of the end of World War II. The U.S. economy after the war was in adjustment from a war time production to a consumer based production and there were two laws passed to try and control it. The first law passed by liberals was designed to fine-tune the government tax and spending. The Employment act of 1946 was designed to fight at problem that never would exist with people having savings from war bonds and women leaving the workforce outright. The Taft-Hardy act introduced by conservatives was designed to control the unions that many middle class believed needed to be curbed. In 1946 the republicans gained control of congress helped by the economic policies of the democrats in congress. Socially African Americans were still fighting for full rights as citizens their right to vote and still faced violence in the south. There was a commission formed by the Truman administration to develop an agenda for racial justice. In a victory for all minorities the Supreme Court ruled that you could not refuse to rent or sell real estate to minorities. President Truman also ordered the â€Å"equality of treatment and opportunity† in the military and Jackie Robinson broke color barriers by being the first Black American to play major league baseball. During this time most Americans moved to the political center wanting to enjoy life. The president recognizing the feelings of many Americans moved to lead from the center. The republicans though gained control of congress for the first time since the 1920’s and President Truman won re-election in 1948. The time between 1953 and 1989 the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States was at full speed. The economic, political, and social events that took place during this time had long lasting and important effects with-in the U.S. The Politics of this time were kicked off by President Eisenhower who was beloved and admired by both Republicans and Democrats.

Reducing Injuries in the Workplace Dissertation

Reducing Injuries in the Workplace - Dissertation Example ignificant increase in the implementation of safety incentive programmes, which have been ineffective many times since many employees are used to underreporting as a way of meeting safety goals. In this research study it was found that there is a clear divergence of views between employees and managers of the company under scrutiny in connection to safety measures in the workplace. There is a need of implementing safety training on a regular basis in order to make employees aware of the importance of creating a safe environment at work. This dissertation was grounded on secondary data from a literature review and primary data collected through an employee queestionnaire, a manager questionnaire, and safety reports and documentaton. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1.- Statement of the Problem. The issue of occupational safety has been a matter of concern for the Health and Safety Authority (HSA), the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and companies in general. HSA, HSE and OSHA require compliance with their regulations and many companies have established safety incentive programmes. The major problem has been related with underreporting in order to meet workplace safety goals. In this dissertation occupational safety is studied emphasising the need for reducing injuries, illnesses, and accidents in the workplace as well as the need of the companies to comply with safety regulations as established by HSA, HSE, and OSHA. 1.2.- Aim and Objectives. The aim of this research study is to investigate the issue of occupational safety and the reduction of injuries, illnesses and accidents in the workplace. To reach this aim, the following objectives are identified: -To critically review relevant literature about...Occupational safety is a very important issue that must be taken into account for all the companies in general in order to reduce the level of injuries, illnesses, and accidents in the workplace. At the same time it is necessary for companies in general to comply with the safety protocols established by HSA, HSE, and OSHA. Workplace safety cannot be underestimated, and a great deal of attention has to be given to this issue to improve working conditions for all of the employees in any company. 1.4.- Scope of the Dissertation. This research study is based on secondary data from the Literature Review and primary data from two sets of questionnaires and the analysis of safety reports of a given company. Injuries and accidents are studied with greater detail than illnesses in the workplace. Emphasis is made on the topic of safety incentive programmes and the common issue of underreporting in order to meet workplace safety goals. This research is limited to the study of occupational safety in one specific company and through a limited time frame. 1.5.- Dissertation Structure. This dissertation is structured as follows: The Abstract summarises the findings. The Introduction is divided in five sections: Statement of the Problem, Aim and Objectives, Relevance of the Dissertation, Scope of the Dissertation, and Dissertatrion Structure. The Literature Review is divided in seveb sections: Introduction. The Problem of Workplace Injuries, Injuries and their Causes, The Role of HSA OSHA, and HSE.

Community Health Promotion and Prevention Coursework

Community Health Promotion and Prevention - Coursework Example The health workers are challenged to take the leadership role of assessing the assets and the needs of communities and populations in order to propose solutions through partnership. Since these solutions that will have a greater influence on heath and illness patterns of various levels within the communities and the broader population. The author’s assumption is that prevention and curative care are different concepts since the olden days. The strident call for health care facilities was to heal, treat those already sick, and this was practiced over a long period of time dominating the preventive care. It is until the mid-19th century when new scientific understanding of transmission of diseases enabled successful sanitation interventions that prevented disease on a large scale (Kulbok,et al.6). This brought about anxiety on whether it is appropriate to give resources to the needy or teaching them on the best ways on how to meet their needs. In order to continue with the preventive health care forward, district nursing evolved, its role was to continue to struggle with appropriate interventions that will achieve quick results and to be able to have a lasting improvements among the community members and the broader population at large. Several improvements were witnessed in various parts as it evolved from finding and caring for the sick poor, to advocating and educating about the poor to other organizations (Kulbok,et al.8). As a result, public health nurses as well as community professionals have continued to recognize the advantages of community participatory methods, including the potential for more effective intervention outcomes and capacity building for long term benefits to the community. This was more effective through the use of Community Participatory Health Model, which was used as a framework to demonstrate evolving public health

Physical mental illness adolescents Essay Example for Free

Physical mental illness adolescents Essay Adolescence is a period during which many learning tasks must be accomplished. Even adolescents whose development is normal may have problems. Some adolescents, however, have major problems in achieving a satisfactory adjustment to the demands of home, school, and community. They may engage in unacceptable behavior; or their physical, social, emotional, and mental development may be slower than that of other adolescents. This research paper presents some representative illnesses of adolescence; the illnesses covered include problems of physical and mental illnesses. The physical illnesses Theoretical Framework Adolescence is unknown in many nonindustrialized countries. Instead, adulthood begins with the onset of puberty and is commonly celebrated with traditional rites of passage. With the advent of universal free education and child labor laws in Western countries, children, who otherwise would have entered the adult work world by the time they reached puberty, entered a period of life during which they developed an adult body yet maintained a childlike dependence on parents. Formal study of this transitional period between childhood and adulthood, known as adolescence, began with the work of G. Stanley Hall at the beginning of this century (Proefrock, 1999). But adolescence became a major field of study only in the past few decades. In fact, the Annual Review of Psychology did not include a review of research on adolescence until 1988- its 39th volume (Petersen, 1998). Adolescence has been celebrated in myth and fiction as a time of joy, with few pressures and demands. Is adolescence a carefree and happy stage? While many adolescent probably remember good times, they also remember times of unhappiness and stress, too. Moreover, most adolescents recall fears and doubts and periods of insecurity, along with unpleasant feelings about the kind of person they were. If so, they’re recollections are not unusual. Contrary to the romanticized version of adolescence as a carefree time, many illnesses may arise in this period. A truly carefree adolescence is rare, if not impossible. In spite of the illnesses that adolescents face, and the troubled behaviors that they may manifest, most adolescents do not become identified as â€Å"problem children. † This research paper will examine some illnesses in adolescent stage considered to be manifestations of disordered functioning. Causal factors will be presented for each illness, and treatments will also be discussed. Empirical Evidence In considering the problem of illnesses in adolescents, an important variable must be remembered: Adolescence is a very short period. Ideally, they develop from â€Å"primitive organism† to mature, stable adults. During the course of development, some behaviors may frequently be bothersome to others, or may cause psychological pain for the adolescent. Fortunately, these behaviors often disappear with time; the child â€Å"grows out† of them. Many theorists view life as a series of developmental periods through which children progress. During this progression, many tasks must be completed if the child is to become a reasonably well-functioning human being. How well each of us resolves these development tasks depends on many factors, including our genetic endowment, physical environment, and psychological support we receive from those raising us. Rather than review the development stages presented by one theorist, we will look more generally at what faces the child. Defining Illnesses Many criteria have been suggested for distinguishing whether the behavior of a child is to be considered an illness. A child’s behavior may not meet all these criteria, or even most of them, and still be of concern to a parent. For example, a teenager who is fearful about school might not be diagnosed as suffering from disorder, but the child would benefit from parental understanding and assistance in resolving this fear. The application of a formal diagnosis to many adolescent illnesses may result in negative labeling effects for many diagnosed adolescent, who are likely to carry the stigma of diagnosis throughout their school career. The more severe labels, may correctly or incorrectly influence teachers` perceptions of the asserts and deficits of adolescents. If an adolescent is expected to be a problem student because of a diagnostic label the teacher may well behave in a way that elicits problem behavior from the adolescent. The label may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. Mental Illness The term mentally ill is frightening to many people. Movies, books, and magazines often depict mental illness in frightening ways. In some cases, adolescents suffering from a mental illness do act unpredictably or even dangerously. With proper diagnosis and treatment, most of the symptoms of mental illnesses can be controlled. It is tempting to distinguish healthy adolescents from adolescents with mental illness problems. However, there is often a fine line between mental health and mental illness. It is important to understand that mental illnesses vary in their severity. For example, many adolescents suffered from various levels of anxiety or depression. Others have suffered from serious mental disorders with biological origins. Education about the adolescents` mental illness is vital for those with mental health problems as well as for the adolescents` friends and family. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders. Approximately 5 million adolescents suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorders. An obsessive-compulsive disorder is an illness in which people have obsessive thoughts or perform habitual behaviors that they cannot control. People with obsessions often have recurring ideas or thoughts that they cannot control. People with compulsions feel forced to engage in a receptive behavior, almost as if the behavior controls them. Continual handwashing, counting to a certain number while using the toilet, and checking and rechecking all the light switches in the house before leaving or going to bed are examples of compulsive behaviors. Some compulsive behaviors that are more harmful include pulling out one’s hair and other forms of self-mutilation. The causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder are difficult to isolate. Some theorists believe that sufferers engage in compulsive behaviors to distract themselves from more pressing problems. Until recently, behavioral therapy, which focuses on controlling and changing behaviors, has been the common treatment for sufferers of obsessive-compulsive disorders. However, research now indicates that some of these disorders may be caused by a lack of the neurotransmitters serotonin in the limbic system. In the early 1990, a drug called clomipramine (Anafiranil) was released for prescription use. Researchers believe that chlomipramine alters the way serotonin is used in the brain. When used in conjunction with behavioral therapy, this drug has been found to be helpful in alleviating symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion/Summary explaining the connection between my subject and current ideas and applications within the field of psychology and throughout the research the references should be noted and organized, third person writing perspective and avoid biased or pejorative language. 12 font, Courier style font and double spaced. Thank you. Physical and mental Illness in Adolescents. I want the paper to have both positive and opposing veiws from authors along with a knowledgable solution or idea.